Скурлатов В.И. Философско-политический дневник

Что такое субъект по-английски

Пришла по подписке обширная статья из Оксфордского Английского Словаря о слове-термине
«субъект». Настолько интресная статья, что я её привожу целиком.
Субъект – центральное понятие Нового Времени. Не каждый может достичь субъектности
в высшем смысле – в смысле богоравности. Итак – subject:

( s bd  kt)  Forms:  . 4-5 sogett(e, sugett(e, 4-6 soget, sug(g)et, 4 pl. sugges,
5 sogete, sugete, seget (?), sewgyet, soiet, suiet, sogect, sugect.  . 4 subgit,
soubgit, 4-5 subgett(e, 4-6 subiet, 5 subgyt, -gite, soubget, pl. subies, -jais,
-gees, 5-6 subget, -giet.  . 4-7 subiect, 5 -giect, 5-6 -iecte, 6 -gect, -yect,
-iectt, subect, Sc. pl. subjeckis, 7- subject. [a. OF. suget, soget (12th c.),
sougiet, subjit, subg(i)et, etc. (13th c.), subject (15-17th c.), also soubject,
suject, mod.F. sujet (from 15th c.), repr. various stages of adoption of L. subject-us
masc., subject-um neut., subst. uses of pa. pple. of subic re (see next). Cf.
Prov. subjet-z, suget-z, It. soggetto, suggetto, and sub(b)ietto, Sp. sugeto,
Pg. sujeito. The completely latinized spelling of the Eng. word became established
in the 16th c.]  
    I. 1.    a. One who is under the dominion of a monarch or reigning prince;
one who owes allegiance to a government or ruling power, is subject to its laws,
and enjoys its protection. 
                        c1394
1340    c1485
c1449   1574                            
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

    1340 HAMPOLE Pr. Consc. 5578  a  at sugettes war til man, Sal accuse  air
soveraynes  an. c1394 P. Pl. Crede 650 Ne er souereyn ne soget  ei ne suffre
 neuer. c1449 PECOCK Repr. III. vi. 315 Thei were sugettis to the Emperour of
Rome. c1485 Digby Myst. (1882) III. 500, I wol a-wye sovereyns; and soiettes
I dys-deyne. 1574 in Maitl. Club Misc. I. 111 Ane trew sugget to the Kingis Majestie.
 
                        1399    c1400   1503                            
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

    1399 GOWER In Praise of Peace 165 Crist is the heved and we ben membres alle,
Als wel the subgit as the sovereign. c1400 tr. Secr. Secr., Gov. Lordsh. 51 Kynges..large
to subgitz. 1503 HAWES Examp. Virt. I. 14 Be to thy kynge euer true subgete.
 
                                        1593
a1568
1538    a1687
1649
a1633   1765    1858
1849    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

    1538 STARKEY England I. iii. 82 The commyns agayne the nobullys, and subyectys
agayn they[r] rularys. a1568 R. ASCHAM Scholem. I. (Arb.) 86 A quiet subiect
to his Prince. 1593 SHAKES. 2 Hen. VI, IV. ix. 6 Was neuer Subiect long'd to
be a King, As I do long and wish to be a Subiect. a1633 G. HERBERT Jacula Prudentum
(1651) 62 For the same man to be an heretick and a good subject, is incompossible.
1649 [see LIBERTY n.1 2]. a1687 PETTY Pol. Arith. (1690) 75, I suppose that the
King of England hath about Ten Millions of Subjects. 1765 BLACKSTONE Comm. I.
122 Every wanton and causeless restraint of the will of the subject..is a degree
of tyranny. 1849 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. iii. I. 308 These three Dukes were supposed
to be three of the very richest subjects in England. 1858 FROUDE Hist. Eng. IV.
xviii. 48 She had taught her son to suspect and dread the worthiest subject that
he possessed.
 
    (b) qualified by a possessive or equivalent phrase; also subject of the crown.

                        c1380   1483
c1412   1515                            
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

    c1380 WYCLIF Sel. Wks. III. 28 Her regalte and her dignyte, by  e whiche
 ei schulen..rulen hemsilf and her sogetis. c1412 HOCCLEVE De Reg. Princ. 2212
Kynges of hir sogetz ben obeyed. 1483 Cely Papers (Camden) 137 To wryte unto
the Kynges good grace that he wyll be faverabull unto hys sewgyettes. 1515 in
Douglas' Poet. Wks. (1874) I. p. xxvii, The best belowyt prince and moost dred
with lowff of his Lorddis and sugettis.
 
                        c1374   1483
1456
1415
?a1400  1524                            
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

    c1374 CHAUCER Boeth. III. pr. viii. (1868) 80 Yif  ou desiryst power  ou
shalt by awaites of  i subgitz anoyously be cast vndir many periles. ?a1400 Morte
Arth. 2314 Twa senatours we are, thi subgettez of Rome. 1415 in Ellis Orig. Lett.
Ser. II. I. 48, I Richard York  owre humble subgyt and very lege man. 1456 SIR
G. HAYE Law Arms (S.T.S.) 297 Alsmony princis with thair subjais. 1483 Act 1
Rich. III, c. 1 §1 The King's Subgiettis. 1524 in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist.
MSS. Comm.) I. 220 Our officers, ministres, and subgiettes.
 
                                c1400   1595
1560
c1525   1638    1765
1733    1875
1827    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

    c1400 MANDEVILLE (Roxb.) xi. 41 He commaunded straitely til all his subiectes,
 at  ai schuld late me see all  e placez. c1525 MORE Hist. Rich. III, Wks. 69/1
She said also yt it was not princely to mary hys owne subiect. 1560 J. DAUS tr.
Sleidane's Comm. 283b, The other William Gelluse was a subject of the Lantgraves.
1595 SHAKES. John II. i. 204 Iohn. You men of Angiers, and my louing subiects.
Fra. You louing men of Angiers, Arthurs subiects. 1638 BAKER tr. Balzac's Lett.
(vol. II) 14 Our Prince will put no yoke upon the consciences of his Subjects.
1733 SWIFT (title) A serious and useful Scheme to make an Hospital for Incurables;
of universal Benefit to all his Majesty's Subjects. 1765 BLACKSTONE Comm. I.
263 The king has..the prerogative of..granting place or precedence to any of
his subjects. 1827 HALLAM Const. Hist. (1842) II. 505 No subjects of the crown
in Ireland enjoyed such influence, at this time, as the earls of Kildare. 1875
JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) IV. 504 The..kings of our own day very much resemble their
subjects in education and breeding.
 
    (c) of a specified country or state; also, subject of the realm. 
                                1436                                    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

    1436 in Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. Var. Coll. IV. 199 To Us and to alle oure sugectis
of the same [reame].
 
                                        a1578   1686    1747
1713            1912
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

    a1578 LINDESAY (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.) I. 16 To bring all the
subjecttis of this realme to peace and rest. 1686 tr. Chardin's Trav. Persia
52 There was not any one Subject of the Republick who was a Knight of Malta.
1713 STEELE Englishm. No. 3. 15 When I say an Englishman, I mean every true Subject
of Her Majesty's Realms. 1747 State Trials (1813) XVIII. 859 By naturalizing
or employing a subject of Great Britain. 1912 Times 19 Oct. 5/1 Subjects of the
Slav States throughout the Ottoman Empire.
 
    (d) with adj. of nationality. 
                                                                1886
1810    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  1810 BENTHAM Packing (1821) 253 Though a very obscure and insignificant person,
I have the honour to be a British subject. 1886 FROUDE Oceana 98 Their Monro
doctrine, prohibiting European nations from settling on their side of the Atlantic,
except as American subjects.
 
     b. collect. sing. The subjects of a realm. ?Also transf. in quot. 1608.
(Only Shakes.) Obs. 
                                                1608
1603
1602                    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  1602 SHAKES. Ham. I. ii. 33 In that the Leuies..are all made Out of his subiect.
1603  Meas. for M. III. ii. 145 The greater file of the subiect held the Duke
to be wise. 1608  Per. II. i. 53 How from the finny subject of the sea These
fishers tell the infirmities of men.
 
     2.    a. One who is bound to a superior by an obligation to pay allegiance,
service, or tribute; spec. a feudal inferior or tenant; a vassal, retainer; a
dependant, subordinate; an inferior. Obs. 
                        c1383
c1315   c1450
a1400-
50
a1400                                   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

    c1315 SHOREHAM Poems IV. 276 Ho hys  at neuer ne kedde wo  In boste to hys
sugges? c1383 in Engl. Hist. Rev. (1911) Oct. 748 Seculer lordis owen..to treete
reesonabli & charitabli here tenauntis & sogetis. a1400 Minor Poems fr. Vernon
MS. 546/368 Haue mesure to  i soget. a1400-50 Wars Alex. 2682 As soiet serued
haue I  at sire many sere wyntir. c1450 Merlin i. 6 Youre suster is elder than
ye, and so she wolde alwey holde yow as her sogect.
 
                        c1386   c1489
a1475
1420    a1533                           
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

    c1386 CHAUCER Sompn. T. 282 With-Inne thyn hous ne be thou no leoun, To thy
subgitz do noon oppressioun. 1420 in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. III. I. 68 Hys heires,
vassalles, and subgees. a1475 ASHBY Active Policy 898 Saint petur saithe  at
soubgettes shold be Buxom to thar lorde. c1489 CAXTON Sonnes of Aymon i. 25 Thou
knowest well that thou arte his man, vaysall, and subgette. a1533 LD. BERNERS
Huon xlii. 142 Thou to be my subgett, and to pay me trybute.
 
                                c1450
c1430   1593
c1530
1530    1681    [1728]          
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

    c1430 LYDG. Min. Poems (MS. Harl. 2251 fol. 5b), Ayenst thy felawe no quarele
thow contryve: With thy subiect to stryve it were shame. c1450 Godstow Reg. 1
Alle lordes  at..forbedith her subiectes  at ben acursed to go out of  e church.
1530 PALSGR. 278/1 Subjecte or holder of house or lande, uassal. c1530 Pol. Rel.
& L. Poems (1903) 60 Selle no parte of thyne heritage vnto thy bettyr, but for
lesse pryce selle yt to thy subiecte. 1593 SHAKES. Rich. II, V. ii. 39 To Bullingbrooke,
are we sworne Subiects now. 1681 [see SUBFEU]. [1728 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., Anciently,
the Lords call'd, abusively, those who held Lands or Fees of them, or ow'd them
any Homage, Subjects.]
 
     b. One who owes allegiance or obedience to a spiritual superior. Obs. 
                        c1380   c1450
1425    1552
1513                            
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  c1380 WYCLIF Sel. Wks. III. 355  at  if he [sc. the pope] hadde siche power,
he shulde assoile alle hise sugetis fro peyne and fro trespas. 1425 Rolls of
Parlt. IV. 306/1 Ye said Lordes Spirituell hath promitted..to calle yere subgettes
to residence. c1450 J. CAPGRAVE Life St. Gilbert vii, He chase on of his subiectis
whom he knewe be  e Holy Goost  at he schuld succede in his office aftir his
deth. 1513 BRADSHAW St. Werburge I. 3360 Her systers, and subiettes, a religious
couent. 1552 ABP. HAMILTON Catech. (1884) 3 Al baith prelates & subjeckis.
 
     c. One who is under the spiritual oversight or charge of a parish priest;
one of a ‘curate's’ parishioners. Obs. 
                        c1380
c1340   c1450
c1449   [1509]                          
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  c1340 HAMPOLE Prose Treat. 24 Vnto thes men itt longith..to vsene werkis of
mercy..in helpe and sustinaunce of hem silfe and of hir sugettis. c1380 WYCLIF
Wks. (1880) 73 Sugetis taken ensaumple at here curatis. c1449 PECOCK Repr. II.
xii. 219 A curat mai not..alwey rynge at the eeris of hise suggettis. c1450 Lay
Folks Mass Bk. 68 God gyf  ame grace so well for to teche  are sugettis ilke
curet in his degre. [1509 Ibid. 75.]
 
    3. a. A person (rarely, a thing) that is in the control or under the dominion
of another; one who owes obedience to another. 
                        a1340
13..    c1450
c1440
c1430                                   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

    13.. Seuyn Sag. (W.) 458 Kes me, leman, and loue me, And I thi soget wil
i-be. a1340 HAMPOLE Psalter ii. 10  ai ere  e sugetis til  e deuel. c1430 Hymns
Virgin (1867) 63 Make him  i suget, to  ee to swere  at he schal not discure
 i name. c1440 York Myst. iv. 16 All other creatours also there-tyll Your suggettes
shall they bee. c1450 Mirk's Festial 25 And soo schowe hym seruant and soget
to hym, and knewlech  ys schyld [= child] for hys God.
 
                        c1374                                           
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

    c1374 CHAUCER Troylus II. 828 O loue to whom I haue and shal Ben humble subgit.
 
                                c1440   1590
1588    1671            1865
1812    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

    c1440 Jacob's Well xxxiii. 214 Resoun sufferyth his wyif,  at is, his subiecte
coueytise, to spedyn in causes of falsnesse in ryche men. 1588 KYD Househ. Phil.
Wks. (1901) 254 By Nature woman was made mans subiect. 1590 SHAKES. Com. Err.
II. i. 19 The beasts, the fishes, and the winged fowles Are their males subiects.
1671 MILTON Samson 886 Nor was I their subject, Nor under their protection but
my own. 1812 CRABBE Tales v. 201 Beauties are tyrants, and if they can reign,
They have no feeling for their subject's pain. 1865 R. W. DALE Jew. Temple xxiv.
270 Every member of the human race is a subject of the Lord Jesus.
 
    b. transf. 
                                        c1520   1625    a1721   1818    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  c1520 NISBET N.T. Prol. (S.T.S.) I. 3 Thai were all in bondage and sugettis
of syn. 1625 BACON Ess., Anger (Arb.) 565 Anger is certainly a kinde of Basenesse:
As it appeares well, in the Weaknesse of those Subiects, in whom it reignes.
a1721 PRIOR Vicar of Bray & Sir T. Moor Wks. 1907 II. 248 My knowledge in Divine
and Human Law gave me to understand I was born a Subject to both. 1818 Brathwait's
Barnabee's Jrnl. Introd. 67 It is of the essence of fashion to descend in the
subjects of its dominion.
 
    4. Law.    a. A thing over which a right is exercised. 
                                                        1765-8  1875
1875    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  1765-8 ERSKINE Inst. Laws Scot. II. x. §32. 351 As orchards produce no
fruits that are the subjects either of parsonage or vicarage tithes. 1875 DIGBY
Real Prop. I. App. (1876) 266 By the subject of a right is meant the thing..over
which the right is exercised. My house, horse, or watch is the subject of my
right of property. 1875 [see SUABLE].
 
    b. Sc. A piece of property. 
                                                        1754    1864
1819    1903
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  1754 ERSKINE Princ. Sc. Law II. i. §1 (1757) I. 105 The things or subjects
to which persons have right, are the second object of law. The right of enjoying
and disposing of a subject at one's pleasure is called property. Ibid. III. viii.
§32 II. 376 Full inventory of all his predecessor's heritable subjects.
1819 J. MARSHALL Const. Opin. (1839) 154 The distinction between property and
other subjects to which the power of taxation is applicable. 1864 N. Brit. Advertiser
21 May, Subjects in Nelson and Kent Streets to be exposed to sale by public roup.
1903 Dundee Advertiser 22 Dec. 5 Those holding ‘subjects’ of that
kind.
 
    c. Considered as the object of an agreement. 
                                                                1838    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  1838 W. BELL Dict. Law Scot. 581 Where the subject of the lease is rendered
unfit for the purposes for which it was let, overblown with sand, inundated [etc.].
 
    II. Senses derived ultimately (through L. subjectum) from Aristotle's use
of              in the threefold sense of (1) material out of which things are
made, (2) subject of attributes, (3) subject of predicates. 
     5. The substance of which a thing consists or from which it is made. Obs.

                        1398
c1374           1590    1669
1651    1775            
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  c1374 CHAUCER Boeth. V. pr. i. (1868) 150  ei casten as a manere of foundement
of subgit material [de materiali subjecto]  at is to seyn of the nature of alle
resoun. 1398 TREVISA Barth. De P.R. III. xxi. (1495) 68 Yf the wytt of gropyng
is all loste the subget of alle the beest [orig. subjectum totius animalis] is
destroyed. 1590 MARLOWE 2nd Pt. Tamburl. V. iii. [4557, 4561] Amy... Your soul
giues essence to our wretched subiects, Whose matter is incorporoat [sic] in
your flesh... Tam. But sons, this subiect not of force enough, To hold the fiery
spirit it containes. 1651 FRENCH Distill. v. 109 Thus do these attractive vertues
mutually act upon each others subject. 1669 WORLIDGE Syst. Agric. (1681) 9 That
Universal Subject, or Spiritus Mundi, out of which they are formed. 1775 HARRIS
Philos. Arrangem. Wks. (1841) 267 Every thing generated or made..is generated
or made out of something else; and this something else is called its subject
or matter.
 
    6. Philos. The substance in which accidents or attributes inhere. subject
of inhesion or  inherence: see these ns. 
                        1398
c1380   c1400   1551    1678
1616
1614
1609    1762
1728    1858
1836-7  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  c1380 WYCLIF Wks. (1880) 19  if  ei seyn, written and techen openly  at  e
sacrament of  e auter  at men seen bitwen  e prestis hondis is accidentis wi
-outen suget. 1398 TREVISA Barth. De P.R. XIX. cxvi. (1495) 920 As whan tweyne
accidentes ben in one substaunce and subiecte: as colour and sauour. c1400 in
Apol. Loll. (Camden) p. vii, That the sacrid oost is..accident withouten ony
subiect. 1551 T. WILSON Logic Cij, Wee se heate in other thynges to be separated
from the Subiecte. 1609 Bible (Douay) Gen. i. 16 comm., Ancient Doctors judged
it possible, that accidents may remaine without their subject. 1614 SELDEN Titles
Hon. 126 It hath been questioned, which is the more both elegant and honorable..whether
to say Serenissime Princeps à te peto, or A Serenitate Vestrâ peto.
And some haue thought the first forme the best, because in that the Accidents
and Subiects are together exprest. 1616 BULLOKAR Eng. Exp. s.v., The body is
the subiect in which is health, or sickenesse, and the minde the subiect that
receiueth into it vertues or vices. 1678 GALE Crt. Gentiles IV. III. 5 Albeit
sin be..a mere privation, yet it requires some positive, real natural Being for
its subject. 1728 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., Two Contraries can never subsist in the
same Subject. 1762 KAMES Elem. Crit. (1833) 487 The same thing, in different
respects, has different names; with respect to qualities of all sorts, it is
termed a subject. 1836-7 SIR W. HAMILTON Metaph. viii. (1859) I. 137 That which
manifests its qualities, in other words, that in which the appearing causes inhere,
that to which they belong, is called their subject, or substance, or substratum.
Ibid. ix. 158 The general meaning of the word subject in its philosophical application,
viz. the unknown basis of phænomenal or manifested existence. 1858 WHEWELL
Hist. Sci. Ideas I. 35 The mind is the subject in which ideas inhere.
 
     b. A thing having real independent existence. 
                                                1603                    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  1603 SHAKES. Meas. for M. V. i. 458 Thoughts are no subiects; Intents, but
meerely thoughts.
 
    7. Logic.    a. That which has attributes; the thing about which a judgement
is made. 
                                        1551    1697            1883
1864
1843
1838    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  1551 T. WILSON Logic Mijb, As touchyng wordes knitte, ye maie vnderstand, that
they are ioyned outwardly to the Subiect, and geue a name vnto him, according
as they are. 1697 tr. Burgersdicius his Logic I. xix. 72 A Subject is that to
which something is adjoyn'd besides its Essence. And an Adjunct that which is
adjoyn'd to something besides its Essence. 1838 [F. HAYWOOD] tr. Kant's Crit.
Pure Reason Introd. iv. 10 Extending judgments..add a predicate to the conception
of the subject. 1843 MILL Logic I. ii. §5 By a subject is here meant any
thing which possesses attributes. 1864 BOWEN Logic i. 5 The Concept..brings together
many objects into one Thought or many attributes into one subject. 1883 F. H.
BRADLEY Princ. Logic 14 We shall see that the subject is in the end no idea but
always reality.
 
    b. The term or part of a proposition of which the predicate is affirmed or
denied.
  Earlier treatises on logic use the L. subjectum. 
                                                1697
1620    1796    1870
1843    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  1620 T. GRANGER Div. Logike 178 The proposition hath two parts, the Subiect,
and Predicate. 1697 tr. Burgersdicius his Logic I. xxvii. 109 Simple enunciation
consisteth of a subject and a predicate. 1796 Nitsch's View Kant's Princ. 128
Collections of properties, which in a judgment are made the predicates of a subject.
1843 MILL Logic I. i. §2 The subject is the name denoting the person or
thing which something is affirmed or denied of. 1870 JEVONS Elem. Logic vii.
62 It is..usual to call the first term of a proposition the subject, since it
denotes the underlying matter.
 
    8. Gram. The member or part of a sentence denoting that concerning which
something is predicated (i.e. of which a statement is made, a question asked,
or a desire expressed); a word or group of words setting forth that which is
spoken about and constituting the ‘nominative’ to a finite verb.
  In the accus. and infin. construction the accus. is the subject of the infin.

                                                a1638   1751
1733    1888
1874    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  a1638 [see PREDICATE n. 2]. 1733 J. CLARKE Gram. Lat. Tongue 68 note, The Nominative
Case to a Verb..is called by Grammarians the Subject of the Verb. 1751 J. H[ARRIS]
Hermes II. i. 230 In English these are distinguished by their Position, the Subject
standing first, the Predicate last. 1874 BAIN Comp. Higher Eng. Gram. (1877)
p. xxiii, Infinitive (logical subject) anticipated by ‘it’, ‘this’,
&c. (formal subject) comes after the predicate. Ibid. 299 Cases where the grammatical
subject is a neuter pronoun ‘it’, ‘this’ standing as
a provisional anticipation of the real subject or fact predicated about. 1888
STRONG tr. Paul's Princ. Hist. Lang. 112 We have to distinguish between the psychological
and the grammatical subject or predicate.
 
    9. Mod. Philos. More fully conscious or thinking subject : The mind, as the
‘subject’ in which ideas inhere; that to which all mental representations
or operations are attributed; the thinking or cognizing agent; the self or ego.
(Correlative to OBJECT n. 6.)
  The tendency in modern philosophy after Descartes to make the mind's consciousness
of itself the starting-point of enquiry led to the use of subjectum for the mind
or ego considered as the subject of all knowledge, and since Kant this has become
the general philosophical use of the word (with its derivatives subjective, etc.).

  [The following quots. illustrate a transitional use:  
                                                1697
1682                    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  1682 RUST Disc. Truth xviii, Thus have we spoken concerning the truth of things,
or Truth in the Object: It follows that we speak concerning Truth in the power,
or faculty, which we call Truth in the Subject. 1697 NORRIS Acc. Reason & Faith
i. (1724) 19, I consider..that the most general distribution of Reason is into
that of the Object and that of the Subject; or, to word it more intelligibly,
though perhaps not altogether so Scholastically, into that of the Thing, and
that of the Understanding.]
 
                                                        1796    1886
1851
1838
1829
1817    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  1796 Nitsch's View Kant's Princ. 72 In every knowledge, perception, &c., there
is something which refers to an object, and something which refers to the knowing
or perceiving subject. 1817 COLERIDGE Biog. Lit. xii. (1907) I. 184 A spirit
is..an absolute subject for which all, itself included, may become an object.
1829 Edin. Rev. L. 196 note, The thinking subject, the Ego. 1838 [F. HAYWOOD]
tr. Kant's Crit. Pure Reason 293 The thinking subject is the object of Psychology.
1851 MANSEL Proleg. Log. i. 7 Every state of consciousness necessarily implies
two elements at least; a conscious subject, and an object of which he is conscious.
1886 Encycl. Brit. XX. 39/1 The conception of a mind or conscious subject is
to be found implicitly or explicitly in all psychological writers whatever.
 
    III. 10. The subject-matter of an art or science. 
                                        1563
1541    1656    1728    1888
1875    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  1541 COPLAND Guydon's Quest. Cyrurg. Biij, Euery worke~man is bounde to knowe
the subiect of his worke in whiche he worketh. 1563 FULKE Meteors 1 Whether we
maye borowe ye name of meteoron to comprehende the whole subiect of oure woorke.
1656 tr. Hobbes' Elem. Philos. I. i. 7 The Subject of Philosophy, or the matter
it treats of, is every Body of which we can conceive any generation. 1728 CHAMBERS
Cycl. s.v., The Subject of Logic, is Thinking or Reasoning. Ibid., Subject is
also used for the Matter of an Art or Science..: Thus the human Body is the Subject
of Medicine. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) I. 4 All sciences have a subject, number
is the subject of arithmetic. 1888 STRONG tr. Paul's Princ. Hist. Lang. 1 marg.,
Subject of the Science of Language.
 
    11. a. A thing affording matter for action of a specified kind; a ground,
motive, or cause.
  In some quots. a Gallicism. 
                                        1586    1655
1652
1651    1756    1893
1843
1831    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  1586 Let. to Earle of Leycester 6 The very ground and onely subject, whereupon
such daungerous practises and complots had been founded. 1651 tr. De-las-Coveras'
Don Fenise 115 Fenise asked him what subject he had to attempt against his life.
1652 LOVEDAY tr. Calprenede's Cassandra I. 15, I have my selfe as much or more
subject to hate life than you. 1655 tr. Sorel's Com. Hist. Francion x. 10, I
have subject enough to be angry with you. 1756 M. CALDERWOOD in Coltness Collect.
(Maitland Club) 129 That had anybody been inclined to laugh, they might have
had a good subject. 1831 SCOTT Cast. Dang. ix, Which had never given the English
government the least subject of complaint. 1843 Penny Cycl. XXVII. 512/1 In such
circumstances subjects of accusation are not long wanting. 1893 OMAN Dark Ages
xx, We might perhaps have learnt that Charles also gave subjects for offence.
 
    b. Const. for. 
                                        1598    1616    1780    1816    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  1598 SHAKES. Merry W. II. i. 3 What, haue scap'd Loue~letters in the holly-day-time
of my beauty, and am I now a subiect for them? 1616 Marlowe's Faustus Wks. (1910)
222 Let them come in, They are good subiect for a merriment. 1780 Mirror No.
83 The great subject for wit and ludicrous representation arises from men's having
a thorough knowledge of what is the fashionable standard of manners. 1816 J.
WILSON City of Plague III. iv, I am no subject for your mirth.
 
    c. That which can be drawn upon or utilized, means of doing something. rare.

                                                        1752            
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  1752 HUME Ess. & Treat. (1817) I. 265 Where they [sc. indulgences]..entrench
upon no virtue, but leave ample subject whence to provide for friends, family,
[etc.].
 
    12. a. That which is or may be acted or operated upon; a person or thing
towards which action or influence is directed, or that is the recipient of some
treatment. 
                                        1592    1611
1606    1777
1764
1753    1898
1852    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  1592 SHAKES. Rom. & Jul. III. v. 212 Alacke, alacke, that heauen should practise
stratagems Vpon so soft a subiect as my selfe. 1606  Tr. & Cr. II. ii. 160 There's..none
so Noble, Whose life were ill bestow'd, or death vnfam'd, Where Helen is the
subiect. 1611 TOURNEUR Ath. Trag. V. i, Nor could the first Man, being but the
passiue Subiect not The Actiue Mouer, be the Maker of Himselfe. 1753 J. COLLIER
Art Torment. I. i. (1811) 37 All the pleasure of tormenting is lost, as soon
as your subject is become insensible to your strokes. 1764 REID Inquiry i. §1
In the noblest arts, the mind is also the subject upon which we operate. 1777
PRIESTLEY Matter & Sp. (1782) I. Pref. 33 Power cannot mean anything without
a subject. 1852 MRS. STOWE Uncle Tom's C. xx, She approached her new subject
very much as a person might be supposed to approach a black spider. 1898 MORTIMER
Cath. Faith & Practice I. 140 The subject of Baptism is any human being, whether
an adult or an infant.
 
    b. Const. of a specified action or activity. 
                                        1591    1696
1634
1605    1796
1711    1883
1855
1847
1831
1823    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  1591 SHAKES. 1 Hen. VI, IV. vi. 49 To be Shames scorne, and subiect of Mischance.
1605  Macb. III. iii. 8 And neere approches The subiect of our Watch. 1634 SIR
T. HERBERT Trav. 117 [The Turks] haue made this Citie, a subiect of their bloudy
cruelty. 1696 WHISTON Th. Earth 87 Not the vast Universe, but the Earth alone,
with its dependencies, are the proper subject of the Six Days Creation. 1711
STEELE Spect. No. 53  2 The Triumph of Daphne over her Sister Letitia has been
the Subject of Conversation at Several Tea-Tables. 1796 E. HAMILTON Lett. Hindoo
Rajah (1811) I. 204 The many subjects of wonder with which a stranger is surrounded.
1823 SCOTT Quentin D. xix, The huge wains, which transported to and fro the subjects
of export and import. 1831  Cast. Dang. vi, The most bold and fierce subjects
of chase in the island of Britain. 1847 HELPS Friends in C. I. v. 73 Proficiency
in any one subject of human endeavour. 1855 BAIN Senses & Int. II. ii. §45.
537, I may here refer to what is a common subject of remark. 1883 GILMOUR Mongols
xvii. 207 Such..difficulties..are welcomed rather as subjects of debate than
felt to be barriers to the acceptance of Christianity.
 
     c. One who or a thing which is subject to something injurious. Obs. 
                                        1597
1592                            
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  1592 MARLOWE Mass. Paris 222 [They will] rather seeke to scourge their enemies,
Than be themselues base subiects to the whip. 1597 SHAKES. 2 Hen. IV, I. iii.
61 Who..leaues his part-created Cost [viz. a half-built house] A naked subiect
to the Weeping Clouds.
 
    d. An object with which a person's occupation or business is concerned or
on which he exercises his craft;  (one's) business; that which is operated upon
manually or mechanically. 
                                        [1541]          1766    1887
1837
1828    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  [1541 COPLAND Guydon's Quest. Cyrurg. Biij, Yf it so be that the subiecte of
the Cyrurgyen be the body of men~kynde.] 1766 W. GORDON Gen. Counting-ho. 102
Waste~book, containing an Inventory of my Subject. 1828 H. STEUART Planter's
Guide (ed. 2) 267 The above Machine..is capable of removing subjects of from
eighteen to about eight-and-twenty feet high. 1837 KEITH Bot. Lex. 22 The bark...
In young subjects it is of a flexible and leathery texture. 1887 Pall Mall Gaz.
6 July 2/2 You must consider the capital we have to sink in our ‘subjects’
[sc. of a menagerie] when you calculate our expenses.
 
    e. A body used for anatomical examination or demonstration; a dead body intended
for or undergoing dissection. 
                                                        1775
1729
1710    1870
1829    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  1710 Phil. Trans. XXVII. 71 In our Subject the Hairs are every where pretty
long. 1729 Ibid. XXXVI. 167 This Subject..had her Lungs full of small Tubercles.
1775 True Patriot IX. 330 The gentleman of the house [a surgeon] declared he
had a very good subject above in the garret. 1829 SCOTT Jrnl. II. 219 The total
and severe exclusion of foreign supplies raises the price of the ‘subjects’.
1870 H. LONSDALE Robt. Knox 54 The supply of ‘subjects’ was so inadequate,
that the surgeons' apprentices..determined upon the..step of procuring them from
the graveyards.
 
    f. A person who presents himself for or undergoes medical or surgical treatment;
hence, one who is affected with some disease.
  a good (bad) subject: a patient who has (has not) good prospects of improvement
or recovery. 
                                                                1898
1898
1859
1849
1822-
34      1905
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  1822-34 Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) III. 485 The subject was forty-five years
of age, and had evinced a slight rhachitic tendency from infancy. 1849 CUPPLES
Green Hand xv, I asked if there wasn't any chance [of the captain's recovery].
‘Oh, the captain, you mean?’ said he, ‘don't think there is
he's a bad subject!’ 1859 Todd's Cycl. Anat. V. 178/2 Two of the subjects
died after severe instrumental labour. 1898 H. BROWN Secret Gd. Health 91 Smoking
helps the subject to rest. 1898 Allbutt's Syst. Med. V. 276 A broad line of dilated
venules is often seen in emphysematous subjects. 1905 ROLLESTON Dis. Liver 260
Patients with cirrhosis are..far from good subjects.
 
    g. Psychical Research. A person upon whom an experiment is made. 
                                                                1886
1883    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  1883 Proc. Soc. Psych. Research 18 July 251 A specific influence or effluence,
passing from the operator to the ‘subject’. 1886 GURNEY, etc. Phantasms
of Living I. 16 The ‘subject's’ hand seemed to obey the other person's
will with almost the same directness as that person's own hand would have done.
 
    h. A person under the influence of religious enthusiasm. rare. 
                                                                1820    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  1820 SOUTHEY Wesley I. 417 Subjects began to cry out, and sink down in the
meeting.
 
    i. With epithet: A person in respect of his conduct or character. rare.
  Cf. F. mauvais sujet. 
                                                                1848    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  1848 DICKENS Dombey xxxix, Unable..to satisfy his mind whether Mr. Toots was
the mild subject he appeared to be.
 
    13. a. In a specialized sense: That which forms or is chosen as the matter
of thought, consideration, or inquiry; a topic, theme.
  the human subject: man, regarded as a matter for study or observation. 
                                        1586    1667    1794
1780
1729
a1700   1874
1872
1837
1828    1902
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  1586 B. YOUNG Guazzo's Civ. Conv. IV. 208 Now that Lorde Hercules hathe geuen
occasion to talke of this subiecte. 1667 Decay Chr. Piety 346 Here he would have
us..fix our thoughts and studies: Nor need we fear that they are too dry a subject
for our contemplation. a1700 EVELYN Diary 13 June 1683, We shew'd him divers
experiments on the magnet, on which subject the Society were upon. 1729 BUTLER
Serm. Wks. 1874 II. 51 Justice must be done to every part of a subject when we
are considering it. 1780 Mirror No. 89 As for politics, it was a subject far
beyond the reach of any female capacity. 1794 MRS. RADCLIFFE Myst. Udolpho xxxviii,
‘Alas! I know it too well,’ replied Emily: ‘spare me on this
terrible subject.’ 1828 MISS MITFORD in L'Estrange Life (1870) II. xi.
247 History never will sell so well as more familiar and smaller subjects. 1837
DISRAELI Venetia II. i, Her father had become a forbidden subject. 1872 MORLEY
Voltaire (1886) 9/9 He always paid religion respect enough to treat it as the
most important of all subjects. 1874 CARPENTER Mental Phys. I. ii. (1879) 70
The phenomena presented by the Human subject. 1902 V. JACOB Sheep-Stealers viii,
The Pig-driver seated himself beside him and plunged immediately into his subject.
 
    b. With appositional phr. formed with of and expressing the nature of the
subject. 
                                                        1765
1733
1724    1839
1816    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  1724 SWIFT Drapier's Lett. Wks. 1841 II. 34/1 In examining what I have already
written..upon the subject of Mr. Wood. 1733 Pres. St. Popery 21 The late exceptions
of a certain Lincolnshire minister on the subject of infallibility. 1765 Museum
Rust. IV. 294 The subject of grasses is very nice. 1816 SCOTT Old Mort. xxxviii,
After quoting Delrio, and Burthoog, and De L'Ancre, on the subject of apparitions.
1839 F. A. KEMBLE Resid. Georgia (1863) 35 The indifference of our former manager
upon the subject of the accommodation for the sick.
 
    c. on one's subject (= F. sur son sujet): concerning one. (A Gallicism.)

                                                        1775
1747            
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  1747 CHESTERFIELD Lett. cxviii, Two letters, which I have lately seen from
Lausanne, upon your subject. 1775 W. MASON Life of Gray (ed. 2) 3 To make it
necessary I should enlarge upon his subject.
 
    d. An object of study in relation to its use for pedagogic or examining purposes;
a particular department of art or science in which one is instructed or examined.

                                                                1887
1843    1913
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  1843 Penny Cycl. XXVI. 29/1 An examination for honours in each subject is held
subsequently. 1887 Whitaker's Alm. 540 If an officer only pass in the subjects
necessary for a subaltern. 1913 Rep. 7th Ann. Mtg. Hist. Assoc. 8 Every man who
teaches a subject well and with real enthusiasm.
 
    14. a. The theme of a literary composition; what a book, poem, etc. is about.

                                        1596
a1586   1667
c1645
1638    1780    1844
1835    1903
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  a1586 SIDNEY Ps. CIV. i, Make, O my soule, the subject of thy songe, Th'eternall
Lord. 1596 WARNER Alb. Eng. X. lx. (1602) 266 Though stately be the subiect,
and too slender be our Arte. 1638 BAKER tr. Balzac's Lett. (vol. II) 72, I did
not think to have gone so far; it is the subject that hath carried me away. c1645
MILTON Sonn. xi, A Book was writ of late call'd Tetrachordon;..The Subject new.
1667  P.L. IX. 25 Since first this Subject for Heroic Song Pleas'd me long choosing.
1780 Mirror No. 85 A poem may be possessed of very considerable merit,..though,
from its subject, its length, or the manner in which it is written, it may not
be suited to the Mirror. 1835 T. MITCHELL Acharn. Aristoph. 365 note, All of
them subjects dramatized by Euripides. 1844 WHEWELL Let. to J. G. Marshall 29
Jan., The subject of my lectures is the difficulties of constructing a system
of morals. 1903 A. B. DAVIDSON Old Test. Prophecy ix. 136 The developments of
heathenism form the subject of Daniel.
 
    b. The person of whom a biography is written. 
                                                        1791
1741    1885    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  1741 MIDDLETON Cicero I. Pref. p. xv, They [sc. writers of particular lives]
are apt to be partial and prejudiced in favor of their subject. 1791 BOSWELL
Johnson Adv. 1st ed., The delay of its publication must be imputed..to the extraordinary
zeal which has been shewn..to supply me with additional information concerning
its illustrious subject. 1885 Pall Mall Gaz. 18 Feb. 5/2 We think we like the
book best because of the view it gives of the subject's character.
 
    15. a. An object, a figure or group of figures, a scene, an incident, etc.,
chosen by an artist for representation. 
                                                1695
1614    c1790   1893
1872
1859    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  1614 in Archaeologia XLII. 360 Another..picture of the same subject. 1695 DRYDEN
tr. Dufresnoy's Art Paint. 11 The next thing is to make choice of a Subject beautifull
and noble. c1790 J. IMISON Sch. Arts II. 55 The subject to be painted should
be situated in such a manner that the light may fall with every advantage on
the face. 1859 REEVE Brittany 13, I was looking round the little knot of soldiers
for a subject. 1872 RUSKIN Eagle's Nest §163 You must always draw for the
sake of your subject never for the sake of your picture. 1893 J. A. HODGES Elem.
Photogr. 112 If the subject is so shaky as to render it impossible to take the
portrait without its [sc. a headrest's] aid.
 
    b. In decorative art, a representation of human figures or animals, an action
or incident. 
                                                                1867
1828    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  1828 DUPPA Trav. Italy, etc. 14 Ten compartments filled with subjects from
the Old Testament. 1867 Paris Exhib., Rep. Artisans Soc. Arts 27 A pair of vases
painted all round with subjects after Watteau.
 
    16. Mus. The theme or principal phrase of a composition or movement; in a
fugue, the exposition, dux, or proposition; first (second) subject, the primary
(or subsidiary) theme of a composition, esp. in sonata-form. 
                                                        1771
1753
1752    1898
1883
1883
1876
1801    1977
1955
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  1752 C. AVISON Ess. Mus. Expression I. ii. 28 In the greater Kinds of musical
Composition, there is a principal or leading Subject or Succession of Notes,
which ought to prevail, and be heard throughout the whole Composition. 1753 Chambers'
Cycl. Suppl. s.v. Sogetto, Contrapunto sopra il sogetto, a counterpoint above
the subject, is that of which the subject is the bass. 1771 C. BURNEY Present
State Mus. in France & Italy 49 The first subject is judiciously returned to
while it still vibrates on the ear. 1801 BUSBY Dict. Mus., Subject, the theme
or text of any movement. 1876 STAINER & BARRETT Dict. Mus. Terms 411/1 In sonata
form there should be two chief subjects, called first and second. 1883 ROCKSTRO
in Grove's Dict. Mus. III. 747/2 The earliest known form of Subject is the Ecclesiastical
Cantus firmus. 1883 GROVE Dict. Mus. III. 752/1 The Father of the Symphony [sc.
Haydn] enriched his new Art-form with a Second Subject, so constructed as to
enhance the beauty of the Primary Theme by the introduction of some form of expression
distinctly opposed to it. 1898 G. B. SHAW Perf. Wagnerite 3 In classical music
there are, as the analytical programs tell us, first subjects and second subjects,
free fantasias, recapitulations, and codas. 1955 J. F. RUSSELL in H. Van Thal
Fanfare for Ernest Newman 148 It is difficult to remember a Mozart first subject,
for example, in which the common chord is not melodically employed. 1977 Gramophone
June 90/2 Walton brilliantly exploits every conceivable kind of antiphony..the
Worcester Cathedral choristers angelically distanced in the gentle second-subject
at ‘The glorious company of the Apostles’.
 
     17. That upon which something stands; a base. Obs. rare 1. 
                                        1592                            
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  1592 R. D. Hypnerotomachia 12 The Pægma base or subiect for this metaline
machine to stand vpon, was of one solyde peece of marble.
 
    IV. 18. attrib. and Comb., as (sense 8) subject clause, complement, noun,
(also 7b) part, (also 13) -oriented adj.; (sense 13) subject-changer; (sense
14, chiefly with reference to cataloguing books according to their subjects)
subject card, catalogue, cataloguing, entry, heading, index, list, reference;
subject-monger, one who exploits his subjects; subject picture, a genre painting;
subject-term Logic = sense 7b.
 
   1869 C. A. CUTTER in F. L. Miksa Charles Ammi Cutter (1977) II. xxiv. 168
The *subject-cards would..be copied from these author-cards. 1982 D. L. FOSTER
Managing Catalog Department (ed. 2) iii. 72 The best way to divide the catalog..is
to divide the subject cards from the others within each drawer. 
 
1873 M. DEWEY in G. Dawe Melvil Dewey (1932) 323 By this plan any books may be
found without a catalogue since the library is in itself a full classed *subject
catalogue. 1889 WHEATLEY How to Catal. Libr. 232 If he wants to find a manuscript
upon a particular subject, he can look at the subject catalogue. 
 
1900 E. W. HULME in Libr. Assoc. Rec. 5 Nov. 571 (heading) Principles of dictionary
*subject-cataloguing in scientific and technical libraries. 
 
1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa (1785) II. 160 But I asked him, If he had any news by
his last letters from London: A question which he always understands to be a
*subject-changer; for otherwise I never put it. 1978 I. MURDOCH Sea 164 ‘Been
to Ireland lately?’ This always set Perry off and was a guaranteed subject-changer.

 
1957 R. W. ZANDVOORT Handbk. Eng. Gram. III. vi. 165 What..may introduce a *subject
clause, an object clause,..a predicative clause, or a clause preceded by a preposition.

 
1939 H. E. PALMER Gram. Spoken Eng. (ed. 2) II. 80 A certain number of adverbs
may be used as *subject-complements, i.e. as complements to..verbs of incomplete
predication. 
 
1869 C. A. CUTTER in N. Amer. Rev. CVIII. 115 In the New Catalogue, on the contrary,
the *subject entry is the fullest. 1899 QUINN Libr. Catal. 71 The forms of subject
entries in dictionary catalogues. 
 
1874 Catal. Libr. Mercantile Libr. Assoc. San Francisco p. vi, *Subject-headings,
when there are two or more titles, are denoted by a separate line in the same
[fount]. 1973 M. AMIS Rachel Papers 60, I indent subject~headings, co-ordinate
footnotes, mark cross-references in red and blue biros. 
 
1861 Catal. N.-Y. State Libr.: Gen. Libr., 1st Suppl. p. xii, *Subject-Index.
In the Index following the catalogue, the subjects of the books are arranged
alphabetically. 1879 Rep. Index Soc. 3 Subject Indexes of Science, Literature,
and Art. 
 
1875 C. A. CUTTER in Nation 14 Oct. 252/1 ‘Analysis’ that is, reference
under subjects to topics discussed in certain books incidentally but not at sufficient
length to justify the insertion of the book in the *subject-list. 1902 (title)
Subject List of Works on General Science [etc.]. 
 
1630 S. LENNARD tr. Charron's Wisd. III. iii. §12 (1670) 363 A Prince must
carefully preserve himself..from resembling, by over-great and excessive imposition,
those tyrants, *subject-mongers, Cannibals. 1844 DISRAELI Coningsby III. iii,
A cutting reply to Mr. Rigby's article with some searching mockery, that became
the subject and the subject-monger. 
 
1862 E. ADAMS Elem. Eng. Lang. (1870) 158 When the *subject noun is accompanied
by qualifying or explanatory words, it is said to be enlarged. 
 
1964 Language XL. 77 Middle voice embraces at least five subtypes: (1) *subject-oriented
action, [etc.]. 1975 Language for Life (Dept. Educ. & Sci.) xii. 189 The primary
school teacher is likely to conceive of his task in terms of integrated rather
than subject-oriented work. 
 
1628 T. SPENCER Logick 21 The first substance, or *subiect part of every sentence.
Ibid. 255 The antecedent, or subiect part of the conclusion. 
 
1862 THORNBURY Turner I. 257 His first *subject picture was ‘Fishermen
at Sea’, 1796. 
 
1876 Public Libr. in U.S.A. (U.S. Bureau Educ.) I. xxvii. 542 A dictionary catalogue
(author- and anonymous-title entries with imprints,..*subject-references to the
classed part). 1889 WHEATLEY How to Catal. Libr. 180 It is something appalling
to conjecture what would be the size of the British Museum Catalogue if subject
references were included in the general alphabet. 
 
1880 W. H. S. MONCK Introd. Logic v. 39 A particular proposition is not limited
to some only of the objects denoted by the *subject~term. 1980 A. KENNY Aquinas
ii. 34 The word ‘substance’ can be used to refer to the thing that
sentences such as the above are about: the object for which the subject-term
of the sentences stands. 
 

 
    b. Used appositively in senses 7-9, as subject-object, -predicate, -verb
adjs.
 
   1933 Jrnl. Philos. XXX. 65 We have described those features of *subject-object
situations whereby the narrowness of a point of view is escaped. 1936 J. R. KANTOR
Objective Psychol. Gram. xvi. 222 The logical essense of these cases can be clearly
discerned in the fact that the nominative and accusative are subject-object cases.
1977 DOUGLAS & JOHNSON Existential Sociol. p. xi, Experimental or other methodological
protocol can produce the so-called subject-object dualism. 
 
1900 B. RUSSELL Leibnitz ii. 12 The question whether all propositions are reducible
to the *subject-predicate form is one of fundamental importance to all philosophy.
1980 A. KENNY Aquinas ii. 51 Sentences which are of subject-predicate form. 
 
1935 G. K. ZIPF Psycho-Biol. of Lang. v. 234 One cannot determine a priori what
actual proportion of spoken English consists of simple *subject-verb sentences.
1979 Amer. Speech 1976 LI. 134 Of the nine problems covered, subject-verb agreement
receives a thorough treatment.