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CAREER ENGLISH PROJECT. Английский как второй язык карьеры

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Автор
Vlad Vorobev

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Деловой английский- расширяем активный словарный запас production


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Production - Manufacturing and Production ∙ production N-UNCOUNT Production is the process of manufacturing or growing something in large quantities. Production is also the amount of goods manufactured or grown by a company or country. That model won't go into production before late I990. We needed to increase the volume of production. ∙ manufacture (manufactures, manufacturing, manufactured) H VERB To manufacture something means to make it in a factory, usually in large quantities. They manufacture the class of plastics known as thermoplastic materials. We import foreign manufactured goods. ID N-UNCOUNT The manufacture of a product is the work involved in making it. ...the manufacture of nuclear weapons. ...celebrating 90 years of car manufacture. ∙ manufacturing N-UNCOUNT manufacturer (manufacturers) N-COUNT Manufacturing is all the processes involved in making a product. A manufacturer is a business or company which makes goods in large quantities to sell. ...the manufacturing of a luxury type automobile. ... the world's largest doll manufacturer. ∙ manufacturing facility (manufacturing facilities) N-COUNT A manufacturing facility is a more formal word for a factory. The company has a sales and marketing office in St Albans, as well as a manufacturing facility near Glasgow. ∙ factory (factories) N-COUNT plant (plants) N-COUNT works N-COUNT-COLL A factory is a large building where machines are used to make large quantities of goods. A plant is a factory or a place where power is produced. A works is a place where something is manufactured or where an industrial process is carried out. Works is used to refer to one or to more than one of these places. He owned furniture factories in New York State. The plant provides forty per cent of the country's electricity. The steel works, one of the landmarks of Stoke-on-Trent, could be seen for miles. ...the works canteen. ∙ Output N-UNCOUNT Output is used to refer to the amount of something that a person or thing produces. Manual workers need a good breakfast for high-energy output. Statistics show the largest drop in industrial output for ten years. ∙ capacity N-UNCOUNT full capacity N-UNCOUNT spare capacity N-UNCOUNT The capacity of something such as a factory, industry, or recav is the quantity of things that it can produce or deliver with :-∙= I equipment or resources that are available. If a factory or indu-saj is working at full capacity, it is using all its available resources! If there is spare capacity, it is not using all its available resources. The region is valued for its coal and vast electricity-generatir: capacity. Bread factories are working at full capacity. Building the new model at one of its American factories with spare capacity would have been cheaper. ∙ lean ADJ lean manufacturing N-UNCOUNT lean production N-UNCOUNT just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing N-UNCOUN-just-in-time (JIT) production N-UNCOUNT If you describe an organization as lean, you mean that it has become more efficient and less wasteful by getting rid of star T by dropping projects which were unprofitable. Lean manufacturing and lean production are manufacturing methods which aim to reduce wastage, for example by keepr ; stocks low and by working more flexibly. Just-in-time manufacturing or just-in-time production is a manufacturing method which aims to reduce wastage by keeping stocks low and by producing goods only when they a-? required. The abbreviation JIT is also used. The value of the pound will force British companies to be leant - and fitter. ...efficiency-raising techniques such as lean manufacturing. .. Japanese-style lean production techniques. .. Japanese firms which understood customers better and pioneered more efficient just-in-time manufacturing. If you can achieve just-in-time production, everyone's holdings : stocks can be kept to a minimum, with immense savings in capita ... examples of genuine HI operations. ∙ chain of production N-SINC The chain of production is all the stages of production that a product passes through before it is passed to a consumer. The rationale for green detergents was that they would prevent discharges of phosphate into rivers. But there are other environmental costs attached to washing powders, earlier in the chain of production. O primary sector:Topic 2.2; industrial sector:Topic 2.2; service sector:Topic 2.2; producer: Topic 4.4; product: Topic 5.2; produce: Topic 5.2; mass production:Topic 5.5; stock: Topic 6.3; low-cost centre: Topic 10.4 Topic 5.2 Production - Product Development ∙ research and development N-UNCOUNT R&D N-UNCOUNT Research and development is the part of a company's activity that is concerned with applying the results of scientific research to develop new products and improve existing ones. Research and development is also the department within a company that is responsible for this work. The abbreviation R&D is often used. Companies that spend a lot of money on research and development tend to be the most successful. . Businesses need to train their workers better, and spend more on R&D. ...investment in fi&D. ∙ laboratory (laboratories) N-COUNT A laboratory is a building or a room where scientific experiments, analyses, and research are carried out. ...a leading research laboratory which tests products on animals. ... the Aeronautical Research Laboratory in Melbourne. ∙ product (products) N-COUNT gOOdS N-PLURAL merchandise N-UNCOUNT FMCG (FMCCs) N-COUNT A product is something that is produced and sold in large quantities, often as a result of a manufacturing process. Goods are things that are made to be sold. Merchandise is a formal word for goods that are bought, sold, or traded. FMCGs are inexpensive products that people usually buy on a regular basis, such as supermarket foods or toiletries. FMCG is an abbreviation for 'fast-moving consumer goods'. Try to get the best product at the lowest price. South Korea's imports of consumer products jumped 33% in this year. Money can be exchanged for goods or services. ...a wide range of consumer goods. Several stores have reported running out of merchandise. For fast moving customer goods (FMCC) customers shop less frequently, and like to make all their purchases at one go rather than in several different outlets. ∙ focus group (focus groups) N-COUNT A focus group is a specially selected group of people who are intended to represent the general public. Focus groups have discussions in which their opinions are recorded as a form of market research. In surveys and focus groups, the shoppers said they wanted Tesco to go back to its roots as the "pile it high, sell it cheap" chain. 2 studies. ∙ reverse engineering N-UNCOUNT Reverse engineering is a process in which a product or system is analysed in order to see how it works, so that a sin version of the product or system can be produced more chea Xerox set about a process of reverse engineering. It pulled the machines apart and investigated the Japanese factories to ' -d out how they could pull off such feats. So, through reverse engineering. Indian companies have be-: -able to make drugs still on patent internationally, and to se them at a tenth of the international price or less. ∙ staff suggestion scheme (staff suggestion schemes) N-COUNT A staff suggestion scheme is a scheme in which the employees of a company are encouraged to suggest ways of improving the company's performance or its working condit: Individual staff can submit suggestions. This can be encour:>; by introducing a staff suggestion scheme which offers good rewards to viable suggestions no matter how apparently tri\ : the suggestions. ∙ product-oriented ADI product-orientated ADJ product-led ADI A company that is product-oriented or product-orientate or product-led aims to develop new products and then cre=-a market for them. / feel that we need to become a little more product-oriented. ...the man behind Fiat's product-orientated return to health. The new S-Type represents the first stage of a dramatic prod^: led expansion of the company over the next four years. S benchmarking:Topic 5.3; patent:Topic 5.4; under licence: Topic 5.4; department store:Topic 6.5 52 Production - Quality Control ∙ quality control N-UNCOUNT quality assurance N-UNCOUNT In an organization that produces goods or provides services, quality control or quality assurance is the activity of checking that the goods or services are of an acceptable standard. One of the ways to ensure that finished homes are perfect products is to tighten up quality control. ...quality control checks. The report also calls for national standards of quality assurance for all x-ray units. ∙ subcontract (subcontracts, subcontracting, subcontracted) IE VERB If one firm subcontracts part of its work to another firm, it pays the other firm to do part of the work that it has been employed to do. The company is subcontracting production of most of the parts. They cut costs by subcontracting work out to other local firms. 0 N-COUNT A subcontract is a contract between a firm which is being employed to do a job and another firm which agrees to do part of that job. Contracts and subcontracts for the reconstruction of Kuwait have begun to flow in. European companies expected to win major subcontracts include Thorn EMI. ∙ quality circle (quality circles) N-COUNT A quality circle is a small group of workers and managers who meet to solve problems and improve the quality of the organization's products or services. Riddick's first move was to form a quality circle. Quality circles may work well in japan, but have not been quite as successful in factories in the United States. ∙ benchmarking N-UNCOUNT Benchmarking is a process in which a company compares its products and methods with those of the most successful companies in its field, in order to try to improve its own performance. Benchmarking is important. You need to know where you stand compared with your global competitors. The reviews will include benchmarking against other countries to ensure that UK customers are getting a deal at least as good as those abroad. ∙ TQM N-UNCOUNT TQM is a set of management principles aimed at improving performance throughout a company, especially by involving employees in decision-making. TQM is an abbreviation for 'total quality management'. One of the main themes of TOM is employee involvement. Under TOM principles the search for quality is continuous. ∙ monitor (monitors, monitoring, monitored) monitoring N-UNCOUNT If you monitor something, you regularly check its develoc-« or progress, and sometimes comment on it. Monitoring process of checking the development or progress of some:" TJ Our prices are determined by local markets and we monitor I prices on and off the motorway. Dr Phillips called for greater monitoring of home conversic: J local authorities. ∙ routine check (routine checks) N-COUNT If someone carries out a routine check on a product, place piece of equipment, they examine it as part of a regular checking procedure in order to see if there are any problerrs with it. He carried out routine checks on the integrity of the circuits 3^ replaced faulty valves in the tape recorders. The museum said that it came across the asbestos during r^jM checks on its premises. ∙ inspect (inspects, inspecting, inspected) VERB inspection (inspections) N-VAR When officials inspect a place or a group of people, they <. sr and check it carefully, for example in order to find out wher-e-regulations are being obeyed. An inspection is an instance y inspecting a place or a group of people. Inspection is the =r of inspecting a place or a group of people. The Public Utilities Commission inspects us once a year. Each hotel is inspected and, if it fulfils certain criteria, is recommended. The plant never had a safety inspection in the 11 years it wca - operation. A truly independent system of inspection by specialist teams should be introduced. 3 outsource: Topic 1.1; outsourcing:Topic 1.1; focus group:Topic 5.2; R & D:Topic 5.2; market research Topic 9.1; guarantee: Topic 11.2; warranty: Topic 1' : 54 5.4 Production - Innovation and New Production Methods ∙ invent (invents, inventing, invented) VERB invention (inventions) N-VAR inventor (inventors) N-COUNT If you invent something such as a machine or process, you are the first person to think of it or make it. An invention is a machine, device, or system that has been invented by someone. Invention is the act of inventing something that has never been made or used before. An inventor is a person who has invented something, or whose job is to invent things. He invented the first electric clock. It's been a tricky business marketing his new invention. ... the invention of the telephone. ...Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone. ∙ not-invented-here (NIH) syndrome N-UNCOUNT People sometimes use not-invented-here syndrome to refer to the resistance that exists within a company towards accepting ideas or inventions that have been developed by other companies. The abbreviation NIH is also used. IT developers do tend to suffer from the not-invented-here syndrome. Mr Bucknor grumbled about the not-invented-here mentality that had kept his predecessors from using off-the-shelf software designed for computers made by rival companies. ∙ researcher (researchers) N-COUNT technologist (technologists) N-COUNT A researcher is a person whose work involves studying something in order to discover facts about it. A technologist is a specialist in technology, usually within a large company or organization. ... the country's leading researcher into breast cancer. German technologists have derived a process to recycle carpets made from a widely used type of nylon called polyamide-6. ∙ innovation (innovations) N-VAR An innovation is a new thing or a new method of doing something. Innovation is the introduction of new ideas, methods, or things. They produced the first vegetarian beanburger - an innovation which was rapidly exported to Britain. ...the technological innovations of the industrial age. We must promote originality, inspire creativity and encourage ∙ leading edge N-SINC leading-edge ADI The leading edge of a particular area of research or development is the area of it that seems most advanced or sophisticated. Leading-edge technology is very advanced or sophisticated technology. / think he is at the leading edge of technological development. The equipment is truly leading-edge technology. ∙ state-of-the-art ADJ If you describe something as state-of-the-art, you mean H is the best available because it has been made using the mos modern techniques and technology. ...the production of state-of-the-art military equipment. The programme uses state-of-the-art technology. ∙ CIM N-UNCOUNT CIM is a manufacturing method which uses computers to improve the speed and efficiency of the production process CIM is an abbreviation for 'computer-integrated manufactu-CIM allows manufacturers to make customized products in s batches, at costs close to those of mass-produced goods. ∙ patent (patents, patenting, patented) H N-COUNT A patent is an official right to be the only person or come;" allowed to make or sell a new product for a certain period of *. —i P&C applied for a patent on its cookies. He claims that their products infringe the patent. 12 VERB If you patent something, you obtain a patent for it. He patented the idea that the atom could be split. ...a patented machine called the VCR II. Common Collocations to fj|e a patent on/for something to grant somebody a patent on/for something to have a patent on/for something to obtain a patent on/for something patent infringement ∙ under licence PHRASE If someone does something under licence, they do it by special permission from a government or other authority. Japanese pharmaceutical firms began life by learning how to make foreign drugs under licence. The company also manufactures Marlboro under licence frorr Philip Morris. ∙ intellectual property rights N-PLURAL If someone has the intellectual property rights to an idea or invention, they are legally allowed to develop the idea or invention, and nobody else can do so without their permissior The company said that it has retained the intellectual propert\ rights to its latest light commercial vehicle. ...new rules to protect intellectual property rights. SR& D: Topic 5.2; CAD: Topic 5.5; CAM: Topic 5.5; mass production:Topic 5.5 56 Topic 5.5 Production - Production Line and Robotics ∙ assembly line (assembly lines) N-COUNT production line (production lines) N-COUNT An assembly line is an arrangement of workers and machines in a factory, where each worker deals with only one part of a product. The product passes from one worker to another until it is finished. A production line is an arrangement of machines in a factory where the products pass from machine to machine until they are finished. ...a man who works on an assembly line. Their first car rolls off the production line on December 16. ∙ batch production N-UNCOUNT flow production N-UNCOUNT job production N-UNCOUNT Batch production, flow production and job production are methods of producing goods in a factory. In batch production, a large number of goods are produced for several customers. In flow production, a very large number of goods are produced in a continuous process on a production line. In job production, a small number of goods are produced for one particular customer. ...batch production of transistors. Examples of very capital-intensive production are oil refining, chemical production, electricity generation and any major flow He was being interviewed for job production engineering manager. ∙ small-scale ADI large-scale ADI mass production N-UNCOUNT A small-scale activity or organization is small in size and limited in extent. A large-scale activity involves a lot of people or things. Mass production is the production of something in large quantities, especially by machine. ... the small-scale production of farmhouse cheeses in Devon. ... the first large-scale Internet venture aimed at revolutionising the UK's £62.5 billion construction industry. ...large-scale job losses. ... equipment that would allow the mass production of baby food. ...the introduction of mass production at the turn of the century. ∙ automation N-UNCOUNT mechanization N-UNCOUNT Automation and mechanization refer to the use of machines to do work that was previously done by people. In the last ten years automation has reduced the work force here by half. Mechanization happened years ago on the farms of Islay. ∙ robot (robots) N-COUNT robotics N-UNCOUNT A robot is a machine which is programmed to move and perform certain tasks automatically. Robotics is the science designing and building robots. ... very light-weight robots that we could send to the moc planetary exploration. Wales has low overheads and you could use robotics to r labour costs. # CAD N-UNCOUNT CAM N-UNCOUNT CAD is the use of computer software in the design of things such as cars, buildings, and machines. CAD is an abbreviate for 'computer-aided design'. CAM is the use of computer software in the manufacture of products. CAM is an abbreviation for 'computer-aided manufacture'. A design made with CAD can be transmitted perfectly frorr : place to another, if they both use the same system. The application of CAD/CAM makes traditional procedures r* efficient and provides avenues for innovation and new development. ...CAD/CAM software. 58 50
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