Деловой английский- расширяем активный словарный запас business performance

Business Perfomance - Boom and Bust  boom-bust cycle (boom-bust cycles) N-COUNT

A boom-bust cycle is a rapid increase in business activity in the economy, 
followed by a rapid decrease in business activity. We must avoid the damaging

boom-bust cycles which characterised the 1980s.  stock-market collapse 
(stock-market collapses) N-COUNT E A stock-market collapse is a sudden decrease

in value among all the shares on a particular country's stock market, for 
example because of a political crisis. In the early nineties there was a 
tremendous boom. And then there was the great stock-market collapse and the peso

devaluation. H If a particular company suffers a stock-market collapse, its 
shares suddenly decrease to a very low value. ...o share support operation 
designed to prevent the stock market collapse of Maxwell Communication 
Corporation.  bond (bonds) N-COUNT When a government or company issues a bond,

it borrows money from investors. The certificate which is issued to investors

who lend money is also called a bond. Most of it will be financed by government

bonds. ...the recent sharp decline in bond prices.  default (defaults, 
defaulting, defaulted) VERB If a company or country defaults on its bonds, it
is 
unable to pay back the money it had guaranteed to the buyers of its bonds. 
Purchasers of bonds need to know whether a corporation is likely to default on

its bonds.  booming ADI If a market is booming, the amount of things being 
bought or sold in that market is increasing. Certain British companies gather

business intelligence and collect information to help to fight a booming market

in counterfeit luxury goods. For U.S. manufacturers, there's a growing 
realization that to fuel growth, they must broaden their customer base overseas

and take advantage of booming markets in Europe and the Far East.  boom (booms)

N-COUNT slump (slumps) N-COUNT If there is a boom in the economy, there is a

sudden large increase in economic activity, for example in the amount of things

that are being bought and sold. If there is a slump in the economy, economic

activity falls suddenly and by a large amount. The industry has spent the years

since that initial boom 'downsizing' to a more realistic level. The 1980s 
continued their stately progress towards the Great Boom and the subsequent 
slump. Common Collocations a consumer boom boom time an economic boom/slump a

slump in sales a market boom/slump a slump in profits boom years a slump in 
demand  bubble (bubbles) N-COUNT A bubble is a situation in which a lot of 
people try to buy shares in a company that is not financially successful, or

whic" s so new that no one knows how successful it will be. As a resL : people

pay more for the shares than they are worth. When people realise that the shares

are not worth what they paid for them, they often try to sell them at a lower

price. VJ-e-this happens, people say that the bubble has burst. Everyone is 
hoping that these hi-tech companies will turn out :: be the Microsofts of the

future. Some of them may be, but a: :~e moment they look more like the focus
of 
a speculative bubble One New York development lawyer says the 1980s lending 
frenzy created an atmosphere of euphoria. When the development bubble burst,

federal regulators started probing : balance sheets of the biggest banks.  bull

market (bull markets) N-COUNT bear market (bear markets) N-COUNT A bull market

is a situation on the stock market when people are buying a lot of shares 
because they expect that the shares will increase in value and that they will
be 
able to make a prof I by selling them again after a short time. A bear market
is 
a situation on the stock market when people are selling a lot of shares because

they expect that the shares will decrease in va ^-. and that they will be able

to make a profit by buying them age -after a short time. Interest rates quite

often rise in the early stages of a bull marke-The bank said that the bear 
market, which followed last April' crash in Internet, telecoms and technology

stocks, had deterrec many companies from going public. 3 market: Topic 1.4; 
share: Topic 7.2; stock market: Topic 7.2; downturn: Topic 7.3; go bust:Topic

7.4; borrow:Topic 8.4; lend:Topic 8.4; interest:Topic 8.4; peak: Topic 10.1 74

Topic 7.2 Business Perfomance - Stocks and Shares  share (shares) N-COUNT bonus

share (bonus shares) N-COUNT A company's shares are the many equal parts into

which its ownership is divided. Shares can be bought by people as an investment.

Bonus shares are shares which are given to shareholders when a company's profits

are distributed. This is why Sir Colin Marshall, British Airways' chairman, has

been so keen to buy shares in US-AIR. The maximum number of bonus shares you
can 
receive is 248.  ordinary share (ordinary shares) N-COUNT preference share 
(preference shares) N-COUNT Ordinary shares are shares in a company that are

owned by people who have a right to vote at the company's meetings and to 
receive part of the company's profits after the holders of preference shares

have been paid. Preference shares are shares in a company that are owned by 
people who have the right to receive part of the company's profits before the

holders of ordinary shares. They also have the right to have their capital 
repaid if the company fails and has to close. [BRIT] He sold 259,349 ordinary

shares at yesterday's price of £10.12. Overnight, the value of preference
shares 
dropped by 20%. m shareholder (shareholders) N-COUNT A shareholder is a person

who owns shares in a company. Each of the four shareholders now has 25%.  share

price (share prices) N-COUNT The share price is the price at which a company's

shares are bought and sold. The impact is reflected in the company's share 
price, which has slumped to £10.13.  stock (stocks) N-COUNT Stocks are
shares 
in the ownership of a company, or investments on which a fixed amount of 
interest will be paid. ...the buying and selling of stocks and shares.  quoted

company (quoted companies) N-COUNT A quoted company is a company in which you

can buy or sell shares on a particular stock exchange. The figures are based
on 
stakes held in quoted companies. He has made a significant contribution to the

development of smaller quoted companies.  invest (invests, investing, invested)

VERB .investment (investments) N-VAR investor (investors) N-COUNT If you invest

in something, or if you invest a sum of money, you use your money in a way that

you hope will increase its value, for example by paying it into a bank, or 
buying shares or property. Investment is the act of investing money. An 
investment is an amount of money that you invest, or the thing that you invest

it in. An investor is a person or an organization that buys stocks or shares,
or 
pays money into a < bank in order to receive a profit. They intend to invest

directly in shares. When people buy houses, they're investing a lot of money.

 ...changes concerning the investment of pension contributior: \ ...an investment

of twenty-eight million pounds. The main investor in the project is a French

bank.  dividend (dividends) N-COUNT A dividend is the part of a company's 
profits which is paid t; people who have shares in the company. The first 
quarter dividend has been increased by nearly 4%. In 1998, PP&L Resources 
reduced the level of its annual divide''! to $1.00 per share.  yield (yields,

yielding, yielded) CO VERB If a tax or investment yields an amount of money or

profit, tl- s money or profit is obtained from it. It yielded a profit of at

least $36 million. H N-COUNT The yield on a tax or investment is the amount of

money or profit that it makes. ...the yield on a bank's investments.  stock

exchange (stock exchanges) N-COUNT stock market (stock markets) N-COUNT A stock

exchange is a place where people buy and sell stocks and shares. The stock 
exchange is also the trading activity that goes on there and the trading 
organization itself. The stock market consists of the general activity of buying

stocks and shares, and the people and institutions that organize it. The 
shortage of good stock has kept some investors away from the stock exchange.
... 
the New York Stock Exchange. Stock markets could suffer if interest rates rise.

Common Collocations stock markets rise stock markets crash the stock market 
closes up/down on the stock market  go public (goes public, going public, went

public) PHRASE If a company goes public, it starts selling its shares on the

stock exchange. In 1951 AC went public, having achieved an average annual profit

of more than £50,000. 2 market:Topic 1.4; pic: Topic 2.4; return: Topic
7.5; 
creditor: Topic 8.4 76 Topic 7.3 ? Business Perfomance - Market Trends  power

ahead (powers ahead, powering ahead, powered ahead) PHRASAL VERB steam ahead

(steams ahead, steaming ahead, steamed ahead) PHRASAL VERB If an economy or 
company powers ahead or steams ahead it becomes stronger and more successful.

The most widely held view is the market will continue to power ahead - of least

in the first half of next year. It all leaves the way clear for Tesco to power

ahead. The economy is powering ahead, the number of jobless has fallen for eight

months in succession in the west, and for three months in a row in the east.
The 
latest figures show industrial production steaming ahead at an 8.8 per cent 
annual rate. Corporate profits, meanwhile, have steamed ahead. Quarter after

quarter companies have reported profit rises of 20 per cent or more.  sparkling

ADI If a company is described as having sparkling figures or sparkling results,

it has performed very well and made a lot of money. Shareholders in supermarket

giant Tesco were laughing all the way to the bank yesterday following another

sparkling set of figures. Top retailer Marks & Spencer has romped in with 
another set of  sink (sinks, sinking, sank, sunk) VERB If something sinks to
a 
lower level or standard, it falls to that level or standard. Share prices would

have sunk - hurting big and small investors. Pay increases have sunk to around

seven per cent. The pound had sunk 10 per cent against the schilling.  spike

(spikes) N-COUNT If there is a spike in the price, volume, or amount of 
something, the price, volume, or amount of it suddenly increases. Although you'd

think business would have boomed during the Persian Gulf War, the owners say

they saw only a small spike in interest then. Westpac economist Nigel Stapleton

said forecasts of a 1 per cent to 1.5 per cent seasonally adjusted spike in 
sales for December were 'not unreasonable'.  soar (soars, soaring, soared) VERB

If the amount, value, level, or volume of something soars, it increases quickly

and by a large amount. Shares soared on the stock exchange. ...soaring 
unemployment. Insurance claims are expected to soar.  downturn (downturns) 
N-COUNT upturn (upturns) N-COUNT If there is a downturn in the economy or in
a 
company or industry, it performs worse or becomes less successful. If there an

upturn in the economy or in a company or industry, it improves or becomes more

successful. They predicted a severe economic downturn. It typically takes at

least a year for an economic upturn to rea-t the number of business failures.

Common Collocations an economic downturn/upturn a sharp downturn/upturn a severe

downturn a sustained upturn a strong upturn a slight upturn a downturn/upturn
in 
business a downturn/upturn in demand  rally (rallies, rallying, rallied) LT]

VERB When something, for example the price of shares, rallies, it begins to 
recover or improve after having been weak. Markets began to rally worldwide.
SI 
N-COUNT If there is a rally in the price of shares, it begins to improve afte'

having been weak. After a brief rally the shares returned to 126p. Common 
Collocations a strong rally a powerful rally  recover (recovers, recovering,

recovered) VERB regain ground (regains ground, regaining ground, regained 
ground) PHRASE When something, for example the economy or a currency, recovers

or regains ground, it begins to improve after having been weak. The Chancellor

of the Exchequer told sceptical businessmen at the annual Institute of 
Directors' conference that the economy would recover in the second half of the

year. After falling back, the dollar then regained around in London, trading
to 
close at 93.73 against the yen. 78 Topic 7.4 Business Perfomance - Companies

Losing their Way  decline (declines, declining, declined) H VERB If something

declines, it decreases in quantity, importance, or strength. The number of staff

has declined from 217,000 to 114,000. Hourly output by workers declined 1.3%
in 
the first quarter. @ N-VAR If there is a decline in something, it becomes less

in quantity, importance or quality.  The first signs of economic decline became

visible. The primary reason for the scheme's failure, Bush argued, was a 
slumping economy and a decline in the value of real estate.  turn around (turns

around, turning around, turned around) PHRASAL VERB If something such as a 
business or economy turns around, or if someone turns it around, it becomes 
successful after being unsuccessful. Turning the company around won't be easy.

In his long career at BP, Horton turned around two divisions. If the economy

turned around, the Prime Minister's authority would quickly increase.  bankrupt

ADI People or organizations that go bankrupt do not have enough money to pay

their debts. They can be forced by law to close down their business and sell

their assets so that the money raised can be shared amongst the people they owe

money to. If the firm cannot sell its products, it will go bankrupt. He was 
declared bankrupt after failing to pay a £114 m loan guarantee. Common 
Collocations to cje bankrupt to be declared bankrupt  bankruptcy (bankruptcies)

E N-UNCOUNT Bankruptcy is the state of being bankrupt. Many established firms

were facing bankruptcy. It is the second airline in two months to file for 
bankruptcy. 12 N-COUNT A bankruptcy is an instance of an organization or person

going bankrupt. The number of corporate bankruptcies climbed in August. Common

Collocations to file for bankruptcy to be on the verge of bankruptcy to be on

the brink of bankruptcy to be facing bankruptcy to declare bankruptcy  go out

of business PHRASE If a company goes out of business, it stops trading. 50,000

companies have gone out of business. Many airlines could go out of business.
 
liquidation (liquidations) N-VAR If a company goes into liquidation, it is 
closed down and all its assets are sold, usually because it is in debt. The 
company went into liquidation. The number of company liquidations rose 11 per

cent.  ailing ADI An ailing organization is in difficulty and is performing

poorly. The rise in sales is good news for the ailing American economy ... the

ailing Asda supermarket chain.  fold (folds, folding, folded) VERB If a 
business or organization folds, it is unsuccessful and has to close, [mainly

BRIT] 2,500 small businesses were folding each week.  go bust PHRASE If a 
company goes bust, it loses so much money that it is forced to close down. A

Swiss company which went bust last May.  troubleshooting N-UNCOUNT 
Troubleshooting is the activity or process of solving major problems or 
difficulties that occur in a company. You realize that the problem must be 
resolved. A little troubleshooting is needed.  management consultant 
(management consultants) N-COUNT A management consultant is someone whose job
is 
to advise companies on the most efficient ways to run their business, especially

companies that are not performing very well. Only after a management consultant

visited the office was a solution to the problem found. Lybrand, a leading firm

of management consultants, were askea both to evaluate our analysis and verify

our conclusion.  insolvent ADI insolvency (insolvencies) N-VAR A person or 
organization that is insolvent does not have enough money to pay their debts.

Insolvency is the state of not having enough money to pay your debts. Two years

later the bank was declared insolvent. ...eight mortgage companies, seven of

which are on the brink of The economy has entered a sharp downturn, and 
unemployment and insolvencies can be expected to increase. 80 Topic 7.5 j 
Business Perfomance - Making a Profit  profit margin (profit margins) N-COUNT

gross margin (gross margins) N-COUNT A profit margin is the difference between

the selling price of a product and the cost of producing and marketing it. A

gross margin is the difference between the selling price of a product and the

cost of producing it, excluding overheads such as electricity, water, rent etc.

The company said profits had also been boosted by sales of vehicles that had

better profit margins. Overall sales rose 11.6 per cent, while gross margins

improved 2.7 percent.  mark-up (mark-ups) N-COUNT A mark-up is an increase in

the price of something, for example the difference between its cost and the 
price that it is sold for. Restaurants make a decision as to what mark-up they

require. They use dollars to buy Western items such as video recorders and 
personal computers and then sell them at a huge mark-up.  profit (profits) 
N-VAR profitability N-UNCOUNT profitable ADJ profit-making ADJ A profit is an

amount of money that you gain when you are paid more for something than it cost

you to make, get, or do it. A company's profitability is its ability to make
a 
profit. A profitable or profit-making organization makes a profit. The bank made

pre-tax profits of £3.5 million. You can improve your chances of profit
by 
sensible planning. Changes were made in operating methods in an effort to 
increase profitability. Drug manufacturing is the most profitable business in

America. He wants to set up a profit-making company, owned mostly by the 
university. Common Collocations interim profits pre-tax profits record profits

an operating profit annual profits  gross ADI net ADJ [I AD| Gross means the

total amount of something, especially money, before any has been taken away.
A 
net amount is one which remains when everything that should be subtracted from

it has been subtracted. ...o fixed rate account guaranteeing 10.4% gross 
interest or 7.8% net until October. ...a rise in sales and net profit. 1 ADV
If 
a sum of money is paid gross, it is paid before any money has been subtracted

from it. If a sum of money is paid net, it is paid after everything that should

be subtracted from it has been subtracted. Interest is paid gross, rather than

having tax deducted. ...a father earning £20,000 gross a year. Balances
of 
£5,000 and above will earn 11 per cent gross. 8.25 per cent net. All bank
and 
building society interest is paid net. Common Collocations gross/net income 
gross/net profit gross/net sales gross/net earnings gross revenues net assets

net worth net loss  break even (breaks even, breaking even, broke even, broken

even) PHRASE When a company or a person running a business breaks even they make

enough money from the sale of goods or services to cover the cost of supplying

those goods or services, but not enough to make a profit. The airline hopes to

break even next year and return to profit the following year.  break-even point

N-SINC When a company reaches break-even point, the money it makes from the sale

of goods or services is just enough to cover the cost of supplying those goods

or services, but not enough to make a profit. I've just heard that 'Terminator

2' finally made $200 million a couple of weeks ago, and $200 million was 
considered to be the break-even point for the picture.  ROCE ABBREVIATION ROCE

is a measure of the profit that a company makes and represents the efficiency

with which the capital invested in a business is used to generate revenue. ROCE

is an abbreviation for 'Return on Capital Employed'. The ROCE formula is a very

popular financial analysis indicator and is used widely in comparisons of the

various profits of different firms and industries.  capital employed N-UNCOUNT

Capital employed is the value of a company's assets minus its liabilities and

represents the investment required to enable a business to operate. Our 
marketing and refining business continues to make less thar acceptable returns

on capital employed. Return on capital employed was 12 per cent.  return 
(returns) N-COUNT The return on an investment is the profit that you get from

it. Profits have picked up but the return on capital remains tiny. Higher 
returns and higher risk usually go hand in hand. O non-profit-making: Topic 4.2;

asset: Topic 8.3 82