Деловой английский- расширяем активный словарный запас Finance

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"opic 8.1

Finance - Payment
∙  credit (credits, crediting, credited)
HI N-UNCOUNT
If you are allowed credit, you are allowed to pay for goods or
services several weeks or months after you have received them.
The group can't get credit to buy farming machinery.
You can ask for a discount whether you pay cash or buy on credit.
E N-UNCOUNT
If someone or their bank account is in credit, their bank account has money in
it. [mainly BRIT] / made sure the account stayed in credit.
S VERB
When a sum of money is credited to an account, the bank
adds that sum of money to the total in the account.
She noticed that only $80,000 had been credited to her account.
B N-COUNT
A credit is a sum of money which is added to an account. The statement of total
debits and credits is known as a balance.
∙  debit (debits, debiting, debited)
H VERB
When your bank debits your account, money is taken from it
and paid to someone else.
We will always confirm the amount before debiting your account.
S N-COUNT
A debit is a record of the money taken from your bank account,
for example when you write a cheque.
The total of debits must balance the total of credits.
∙ trade credit (trade credits) N-VAR
Trade credit is when a supplier allows a business or customer to pay for goods
or services some time after they were supplied.
It might be that the business is able to sell its finished goods
before having to pay off the trade credit.
It is often normal practice within the industry for trade credit to
be given, especially to larger customers.
m invoice (invoices, invoicing, invoiced)
[D N-COUNT
An invoice is a document that lists goods that have been supplied or services
that have been done, and says how much money you owe for them.
His £700 invoice was settled immediately in cash.
[2 VERB
If you invoice someone, you send them a bill for goods or
services you have provided them with.
The agency invoices the client who then pays.
∙ bill (bills, billing, billed)
H N-COUNT
A bill is a written statement of money that you owe for goods or services.
They couldn 't afford to pay the bills.
SI VERB
If you bill someone for goods or services you have provided them with, you give
or send them a bill stating how much money they owe you for these goods or services.
Are you going to bill me for this?
∙  billing N-UNCOUNT invoicing N-UNCOUNT
Billing is the process of preparing and sending someone a b Invoicing is the
process of preparing and sending someone 3" invoice.
More customers have been asking for itemised billing.
A machine capable of carrying out sales invoicing, letter writirz
and payroll applications.
∙  revenue (revenues) N-VAR
Revenue is money that a company, organization, or government receives from people.
Sales revenue was £7.9 million in the 3 months to September.
The only way to improve profits is to lift sales revenues.
∙  letter of credit (letters of credit) N-COUNT
[D A letter of credit is a letter written by a bank authorizing another bank
to pay someone a sum of money. Letters of credit are often used by importers
and exporters.
The organization has yet to secure any of the required £250, Of." that must
be deposited by letter of credit to secure the deal.
13 A letter of credit is a written promise from a bank stating that they will
repay bonds to lenders if the borrower is unable t: pay them.
The project is being financed through bonds and backed by a
letter of credit from Lasalle Bank.
∙  accounts payable N-PLURAL accounts receivable N-PLURAL
A company's accounts payable is all the money it owes to other companies for
goods or services received, or a list of these companies and the amounts owed
to them. A company's accounts receivable is all the money it is owed by other
companies for goods or services it has supplied, or a list of these companies
and the amounts they owe.
Accounts payable were understated by approximately $20
million that year.
The customer's record is updated, the company's accounts
receivable ledger is debited and its cash ledger is credited.
∙  Cash flow N-UNCOUNT
The cash flow of a firm or business is the movement of mone> into and out of
it.
The company ran into cash flow problems and faced liquidation
3 order: Topic 6.3; on order: Topic 6.3; liability:Topic 8.3; debt:Topic 8.4;
interest rate:Topic 8.4; creditor Topic 8.4; turnover:Topic 10.2

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Topic 8.2          Finance - Costs
∙ COStS N-PLURAL
fixed costs N-PLURAL variable costs N-PLURAL direct costs N-PLURAL indirect costs
N-PLURAL
A company's costs are the total amount of money involved in operating the business.
Fixed costs or direct costs are
expenses such as maintenance that do not vary with the level of output. Variable
costs or indirect costs are expenses such as labour or materials that vary with
the level of output.
Costs have been cut by 30 to 50 per cent.
The company admits its costs are still too high.
Fixed costs have been reduced and work practices are changing
to meet the demands of a much more competitive publishing
environment.
As a firm reaches full capacity, variable costs may start to
increase at a faster rate than output.
Revised working practices need to be implemented as a way to
improve the quality of care and reduce direct and indirect costs.
to cut costs rising costs
Common Collocations
to reduce costs      to incur costs
∙ cost structure (cost structures) N-COUNT
An organization's cost structure is all its different costs and the
way these costs relate to and affect each other.
The commission will look closely at the local cost structure to see whether we
suffer from unnecessary costs which may mean tourists choose other overseas destinations.
I agree in principle with the minimum wage, but the government fails to understand
that businesses like mine need to change their entire cost structure to cope.
∙ economies of scale N-PLURAL
Economies of scale are the financial advantages that a company gains when it
produces large quantities of products. Car firms are desperate to achieve economies
of scale. Most centres have been created by individual companies which means
that manufacturers cannot benefit from economies of scale.
During the period when the Model T Ford dominated the US motor industry the only
real difference between it and the Chevrolet was the low price Ford could charge
because of his massive economies of scale.
∙  unit cost (unit costs) N-COUNT
Unit cost is the amount of money that it costs a company to produce one article.
They aim to reduce unit costs through extra sales.
∙  overheads N-PLURAL
The overheads of a business are its regular and essential expenses, such as salaries,
rent, electricity and telephone b:
We are having to cut our costs to reduce overheads and re- .
competitive.
With lower overheads, small toy shops are in a better posit:,: -
lower prices.
∙  profit margin (profit margins) N-COUNT
A profit margin is the difference between the selling price c product and the
cost of producing and marketing it.
The group had a net profit margin of 30% last year.
Are there ways to use technology to increase profit margins r.
lowering operating costs?
∙ expenses N-PLURAL expenditure (expenditures) N-VAR planned expenditure
N-UNCOUNT
Expenses are amounts of money that you spend while dor-: something in the course
of your work, which will be paid bar* you afterwards. Expenditure is the spending
of money on something, or the money that is spent on something. A company's or
organization's planned expenditure is the amount of money it expects to spend
over a particular perioc time.
As a member of the International Olympic Committee her fa
and hotel expenses were paid by the IOC.
Can you claim this back on expenses?
Policies of tax reduction must lead to reduced public expenc
An expenditure for clothing will qualify as a trade or busine: -
expense.
 ...a £5 million reduction in planned expenditure.
This 2.4 percent planned expenditure for capital may be toe
high.
Common Collocations
to increase expenditure       to reduce expenditure
to cut expenditure
to control expenditure
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Topic 8.3
Finance -Accounting
∙ account (accounts) N-COUNT
profit and loss account (profit and loss accounts) N-COUNT
P&L ABBREVIATION
Accounts are detailed records of all the money that a person or business receives
or spends. A company's profit and loss account is a financial record, published
at the end of each financial year, that shows whether it has made a profit or
a loss. The abbreviation P&L is also used.
He kept detailed accounts.
The net profit shown in the profit and loss account.
 ...the previous year's P&L figures.
∙  balance sheet (balance sheets) N-COUNT
A balance sheet is a written statement of the amount of money and property that
a company or person has, including amounts of money that are owed or are owing.
Balance sheet is also used to refer to the general financial state of a company.
If you're in business for yourself, you'll be filing an income and expense statement
and, in most cases, a balance sheet. Rolls-Royce needed a strong balance sheet.
∙ international accounting standards (IAS)
N-PLURAL
international standard (IS) account
(international standard accounts) N-COUNT
GAAP ABBREVIATION
International accounting standards are a set of
internationally-agreed principles and procedures relating to the way that companies
present their accounts. The abbreviation IAS is also used. International standard
accounts, or IS
accounts, are accounts that follow international accounting standards. CAAP is
an accounting system based on generally-accepted methods of accounting. CAAP
is an abbreviation for 'generally accepted accounting principles'.
The World Bank is making its loans to some companies conditional
on their adoption of international accounting standards.
Should we have our own national standards or just use IAS?
Quoted companies now understand that if they don't produce
international standard accounts, they won't find support from
foreign investors.
All figures are based on US GAAP.
∙  results N-PLURAL interim results N-PLURAL
A company's results are the set of figures, published at regular times, that
show whether it has made a profit or a loss. When the figures are published outside
these regular times, they are referred to as interim results.
CCU is due to report its annual results to shareholders this week.
He pleased the City on Thursday by announcing first-quarter
results ahead of expectations.
Interim results released last month showed a 6% rise to £256m.
∙ audit (audits, auditing, audited)
H VERB
When an accountant audits an organization's accounts, he y she examines the accounts
officially in order to make sure ∙- r they have been done correctly.
They audit our accounts and certify them as being true arc -3 12 N-COUNT An audit
is an official examination of an organization's acco
The bank first learned of the problem when it carried out c-
internal audit.
∙ auditor (auditors) N-COUNT
An auditor is an accountant who officially examines the
accounts of organizations.
An inquiry by the company's auditors revealed a series of fundamentally incorrect
accounting entries over several years. Most corporations aren't public and don't
require auditing; t corporations that do often select a major firm as an auditc
∙  bottom line (bottom lines) N-COUNT
The bottom line is the total amount of money that a comp has made or lost over
a particular period of time.
These small promotions were costly and they did nothing to
increase his bottom line.
 ...to force chief executives to look beyond the next quarter's
∙  asset (assets) N-COUNT liability (liabilities) N-COUNT
The assets of a company are all the things that it owns. A company's or organization's
liabilities are the sums of money which it owes.
The company had assets of $138 million and liabilities of
$120.5 million.
∙ tangible asset (tangible assets) N-COUNT intangible asset (intangible
assets) N-COUNT current asset (current assets) N-COUNT fixed asset (fixed assets)
N-COUNT
Tangible assets are assets which are physical in nature, such « factories
and offices. Intangible assets are assets which are non-physical in nature, such
as patents and trademarks. Current assets are assets which a company does not
use on a continuous basis, such as stocks and debts, but which can be converted
into cash within one year. Fixed assets are assets which a company uses on a
continuous basis, such as property and machinery.
Capital, in the form of tangible assets such as machinery or intangible assets
such as money, can be a key consideration. The company listed its current assets
at $56.9 million. Investment in fixed assets is an important vehicle for ensuring
that the latest technology is available to business.
3 return: Topic 7.5; revenue: Topic 8.1; turnover:Topic
10.2
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Topic 8.4          Finance - Owing Money
∙  interest N-UNCOUNT
interest rate (interest rates) N-COUNT
Interest is extra money you receive if you have invested a sum of money. Interest
is also the extra money that you pay if you have borrowed money or are buying
something on credit. The interest rate is the amount of interest that must be
paid on a loan or investment. It is expressed as a percentage of the amount that
is borrowed or gained as profit.
Does your current account pay interest?
The Finance Minister has renewed his call for lower interest rates.  Our ISA
Saver offers a variable rate of interest starting at 4%.
Common Collocations
an interest rate rise/fall   interest rates go up/come down a cut in interest
rates      an increase in interest rates rising/falling interest rates
∙  borrow (borrows, borrowing, borrowed) VERB borrower (borrowers) N-COUNT
borrowing N-UNCOUNT
If you borrow money from someone or from a bank, they give it to you and you
agree to pay it back at some time in the future. A borrower is a person or organization
that borrows money. Borrowing is the activity of borrowing money.
Morgan borrowed £5,000 from his father to form the company.
It's so expensive to borrow from finance companies.
After six months, borrowers pay the standard rate of 9.4%.
We have allowed borrowing to rise in this recession.
m lend (lends, lending, lent) VERB lender (lenders) N-COUNT lending N-UNCOUNT
When people or organizations such as banks lend you money, they give it to you
and you agree to pay it back at a future date, often with an extra amount as
interest. A lender is a person or an institution that lends money to people.
Lending is the activity of lending money to businesses or private individuals.
It is also used to talk about the amount of money being lent.
Banks may be slow to lend money to the new company because
of the uncertainty about its operating costs.
 ...financial de-regulation that led to institutions being more
willing to lend.
 ...the six leading mortgage lenders.
 ...a financial institution that specializes in the lending of money.
 ...a slump in bank lending.
∙  loan (loans, loaning, loaned)
H N-COUNT
A loan is a sum of money that you borrow.
The president wants to make it easier for small businesses to get
bank loans.
 ...loan repayments.
S VERB
If you loan something to someone, you lend it to them. Would it help if I loaned
you some money?
∙  principal (principals) N-COUNT
The principal of a loan is the original amount borrowed, excluding any interest
payments.
They will eventually want to see payments being made to =.:
the principal of the loan.
I demand immediate payment of the principal of $60,000 z-
outstanding interest.
∙ debt (debts)
HJ N-VAR
A debt is a sum of money that you owe someone.
Three years later, he is still paying off his debts.
Shrinking economies mean falling tax revenues and more
government debt. ...reducing the country's $18 billion foreign debt.
S N-UNCOUNT
Debt is the state of owing money.
Debt is a main reason for stress.
They see foreign investment as a way of avoiding any more
foreign debt.
∙  in/into debt PHRASE out of debt PHRASE
If you are in debt or get into debt, you owe money. If you I out of debt or get
out of debt, you succeed in paying all money that you owe.
He was already deeply in debt through gambling losses.
The bank will make it easy for you to get into debt.
How can I accumulate enough cash to get out of debt?
∙ debtor (debtors) N-COUNT
A debtor is a country, organization, or person who owes
money.
The United States holds the status of the No. 1 debtor to the United Nations,
owing $1.1 billion of the $1.85 billion owed to the world body.
Debtors are sometimes embarrassed about getting help from more public sources
of advice such as the Citizens Advice Burec* ...important improvements in the
situation of debtor countries.
∙  creditor (creditors) N-COUNT
Your creditors are the people who you owe money to. The company said it would
pay in full all its creditors except Credit Suisse.
O start-up: Topic 2.3; venture capitalist: Topic 2.3; default: Topic 7.1; insolvency:Topic
7.4; credit: Topic 8.1; liability:Topic 8.3; venture capital: Topic 8.5
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Topic 8.5
Finance - Financing Expansion
∙  all-cash deal (all-cash deals) N-COUNT
An all-cash deal is a financial transaction such as a takeover in which the payment
is made entirely in money and not, for example, in shares or share options.
 ...an all-cash deal worth $9 million.
Shareholders are entitled to demand a proper all-cash deal.
∙  equity N-UNCOUNT
Equity is the money a company gets from selling the shares it owns.
It may be difficult to raise equity from local private sources.
m financing N-UNCOUNT
The financing for something such as a business venture or a loan is the money
that is needed for the venture or loan, and the way in which this money is provided.
Proper financing was needed to put the business on a surer
footing and speed up payments.
It's not unusual, as a matter of convenience, to have salesmen
arrange financing for home improvement loans.
∙ management buyout (management buyouts)
N-COUNT
MBO (MBOS) ABBREVIATION
A management buyout is the buying of a company by its
managers. The abbreviation MBO is also used.
It is thought that a management buyout is one option. She joined the company
full time in 1978, and following an MBO in 1989 she became joint managing director.
∙  raise (raises, raising, raised) VERB
If a person or company raises money that they need, they manage to get it, for
example by selling their property or borrowing.
They managed to raise £50,000 to set up the company and
McGregor sold his house to raise capital.
∙  rights issue (rights issues) N-COUNT
A rights issue is when a company offers shares at a reduced price to people who
already have shares in the company.
The rights issue will depress earnings per share in the short term.
The acquisition will be financed mainly by a rights issue raising
£354 million.
∙ flotation (flotations) N-VAR
share flotation (share flotations) N-COUNT share issue (share issues) N-COUNT
share offering (share offerings) N-COUNT public offering (public offerings) N-COUNT
The flotation of a company is the selling of shares in a company to the public.
When there is a share flotation, a share issue, a share offering or a public
offering, shares in a company are made available for people to buy.
He said letsbuyit.com was considering flotation on the Lone: ∙
Stock Exchange.
Flotations this quarter are at their lowest level in over a deca
 ...a share flotation which aims to raise £32 million.
A group called Dreamworld Ltd proposed to buy the park a-:
float it on the stock exchange with a $75 million share issue
Last year the employees rejected a further share offering.
The subsequent electric-utility sale, expected to fetch $ 13b-.
will mark the world's largest public offering.
∙ takeover (takeovers) N-COUNT takeover bid (takeover bids) N-COUNT
A takeover is the act of gaining control of a company by buyng more of its shares
than anyone else. A takeover bid : an attempt to do this.
 .. .the proposed £3.4 billion takeover of Midland Bank by the
Hong Kong and Shanghai.
 ...a hostile takeover hid for NCR, America's fifth-biggest
computer-maker.
∙ venture capital N-UNCOUNT
Venture capital is capital that is invested in projects that h=.« a high
risk of failure, but that will bring large profits if they are successful.
Successful venture capital investment is a lot harder than it
sometimes looks.
The model isn't all that complicated: develop a good idea, raise
venture capital, grow rapidly, and then go public or sell out.
∙ working capital N-UNCOUNT
Working capital is money which is available for use immediately, rather than
money which is invested in land or equipment.
The cash raised will be used for working capital and to settle
some bank debts.
A second problem is that, as long as land law is uncertain, bc*z
will be unwilling to lend to farmers, and no farm can survive
without access to working capital.
∙  liquidity N-UNCOUNT
A company's liquidity is the amount of cash or liquid assets it has easily available.
The company maintains a high degree of liquidity.
 ... serious liquidity problems.
3 backer: Topic 2.3; grow: Topic 2.5; shareholder:Top : 7.2; share: Topic 7.2;
return:Topic 7.5; ROCE: Topic 7.5; cash flow: Topic 8.1; unit cost: Topic 8.2;
asset Topic 8.3; liability: Topic 8.3; loan: Topic 8.4
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