Leon Trotsky, a leader of the Bolshevik Revolution and early architect
of the Soviet state, is deported by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin to
Alma-Ata in remote Soviet Central Asia. He would live there in internal
exile for a year before being banished from the USSR forever by Stalin.
Trotsky, born of Jewish-Russian parents, was first arrested by the
czarist government for revolutionary activities in 1898. Two years later,
he was exiled to Siberia but escaped to London, where he collaborated with
Vladimir Lenin. Expelled from several countries, he lived in Switzerland,
Paris, and New York City before returning to Russia at the outbreak of the
Russian Revolution in 1917. Trotsky played no less a role than Lenin in
the Bolsheviks' seizure of power, but lost out to Joseph Stalin in the
power struggle after Lenin's death in 1924.
He criticised Stalin's regime for suppressing democracy in the
Communist Party and for its economic policies. Stalin fought back,
expelling him from the Politburo in 1926, from the party in 1927, from
Moscow in 1928, and from the USSR in 1929. During his exile, Trotsky
criticized the Soviet state for falling
short of its Marxist ideals, and was found guilty of treason in
absentia. In 1940, he was assassinated in Mexico City by a Spanish
communist, allegedly under
Stalin's orders.
1998
More than 100 people are killed in two villages in Algeria.
The attacks, which took place south of the capital Algiers, are alleged to
have been perpetrated by
Islamic extremists.
1993
British Airways is forced into an embarrassing
climb-down in
relation to a campaign of 'dirty tricks' it launched against rival airline
Virgin Atlantic. BA is forced to pay damages to both Virgin Atlantic and
its boss Richard Branson.
1989
After eight years as President of the United States, Ronald
Reagan gives his farewell address to the American people. In particular,
Reagan emphasises the foreign policy achievements of his administration.
1973
In Britain, the first students of the Open University receive their
graduation certificates.
1964
U.S. Surgeon General Luther L. Terry announced that cigarette smoking
is linked to lung cancer.
1962
An avalanche buries a
village in the Peruvian Andes, with reports on the death toll ranging from
2,000 to 3,000 people.
1960
The central African country of Chad declares its independence from
France.
1946
Enver Hoxha proclaims the People’s Republic of Albania.
1945
A truce is
negotiated between the British-backed Democratic National Army and the
communist rebel National Liberation Front during the Greek Civil
War.
1942
World War II: Japanese troops seize Kuala Lumpur in
Malaya.
1935
Amelia Earhart became the first person to fly solo from
Hawaii to California.
1923
French troops are sent to occupy the Rhur as Germany fails to pay its
reparation payments imposed by the Treaty of Versailles.
1922
The first successful use of insulin to treat diabetes. The
patient was Leonard Thompson, who was treated at Toronto General
Hospital in Canada.
1916
World War I: In order to provide a safe area for the thousands of
refugees fleeing the fighting in Serbia, French forces take formal
military control of the Greek island of Corfu.
1864
Opening of London's Charing Cross station.
1861
Alabama seceded from the Union, the fourth state to do so in the run-up
to the American Civil War.
1693
Mount Etna erupts in Sicily, Italy.
1569
The first national lottery is held in England. 40,000 lots,
at 10 shillings each, go on sale at St. Paul's Cathedral in London.