CORRESPONDENCE | ONE WORD | GRAMMAR | PHRASES | BUSINESS | REVIEW | LINKS | AFTERWARDS | CORRECTIONS

Correspondence___ back

Этот раздел предназначен для ответов на ваши вопросы, а также для прочих посланий, которые вдруг захочется автору адресовать всем своим подписчикам. Автор оставляет за собой право публиковать фамилии приславших вопросы, если в письме прямо не указано обратное. Присылайте вопросы, ответы, предложения, впечатления, критику и т.д. и т. п.: kosandr111@chat.ru?Subject=English

QR: What this abbreviation - CDT - stands for (it is a school subject). Sent in by Vera Elenciuc.

A: CDT: это быстрее всего computer directed training или class descriptor table. Sent in by Shaposhnikova Irina

A: www.acronymfinder.com returned 33 hits for query 'CDT'. The most appropriate definition I think is 'Computer Directed Training'. Sent in by Artem Shevchenko

A: Возможно, речь идет о каком-нибудь курсе гражданской обороны? Например, Civil Defense Theory? Sent in by Марина Фокина.

A: На счет абревиатуры CDT наверняка будет несколько ответов. Больше чем уверена, что это обозначает кредит √ главную единицу измерения знаний в США. За каждый предмет (курс) дается определенное количество ⌠кредитов■, а для получения степени надо набрать некую их сумму. Т.е. можно изучить, грубо говоря, либо два простых предмета, либо один сложный √ так и так. например, получиться 4 ⌠кредита■. Sent in by Perfiljeva Jelena.

A: My "American Heritage Dictionary" says: CDT or C.D.T. abbr. Central Daylight Time. Sent in by Alexy lozyuk

ONE WORD ___ back

Этот раздел позволит Вам уточнить использование отдельных слов, а также слов и понятий с которыми они обычно используются а, в последствии, с моей помощью провести некий сравнительный анализ использования различных английских слов, которые обычно мы привыкли переводить на русский язык одним и тем же словом. Оригинальные тексты англоязычных авторов (или профессиональные переводы на английский не англоязычных) служат непревзойденным авторитетом в изучении языка, по крайней мере, для меня. С этой целью все примеры употребления тех или иных слов взяты из произведений классиков английской и американской литературы, а также из переводов известных произведений на английский язык.

divers √ разный, различный, разнообразный

diverse √ 1) различный, много(разно)образный, разный 2) иной, отличный, несходный

divers: ~ ▒noun▓, ~ of ▒noun▓

diverse: ~ ▒noun▓

1. Taking into consideration the mean of observations made at divers times┘Принимая во внимание значение наблюдений зделанных в разное время┘
2. You do not know that divers accidents, caused by collisions with your submarine machine, have excited public feeling in the two continents. Вы не знаете, что различные аварии, вызванные столкновением с вашим подводным сооружением, взволновали общественность на обоих континетах.
3. ┘ green pearls, yellow, blue, and black pearls, the curious productions of the divers molluscs of every ocean┘┘зеленый, желтый, синий и черный жемчуг √ необычные творения разнообразных малюсков всех океанов.
4. But above all things was it a return to Nature - that formula which seems to suit so many and such diverse movements. Но прежде всего, это было возвращение к Природе, к тому, что наиболее полно соответствует такому множеству и разнообразию изменений.

Conseil was just dragging, and his net came up filled with divers ordinary shells, when, all at once, he saw me plunge my arm quickly into the net, to draw out a shell, and heard me utter a cry. 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, by Jules Verne Did he alone represent France in this mysterious association, evidently composed of individuals of divers nationalities? 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, by Jules Verne "Ah, my King, that was easy, since I used it divers days." The Prince and the Pauper, by Mark Twain Here is a constant stream of men poured forth from five hundred different places; they will interpret the spirit of the law in divers manners, and there should be a unity of conception in the law. The Country Doctor, by Honore de Balzac He took no part in counsels based on heraldry, nor in the inditing of letters addressed to divers mighty personages of the day; but he had spent the night in writing to an old friend of his, one of the oldest established notaries of Paris. The Collection of Antiquities, by Honore de Balzac These were the native guides impressed into the service of Kultur and upon their poor, bruised bodies Kultur's brand was revealed in divers cruel wounds and bruises. Tarzan the Untamed, by Edgar Rice Burroughs Around him stood fifty Mamelukes, white slaves, clothed in silks of divers sorts, holding their drawn swords in their hands. The Arabian Nights, by Sir Richard Burton Nuno Alfonso was almost as distinguished in the struggle against the Moors in the reign of Alfonso VII as the Cid had been half a century before in that of Alfonso VI, and was rewarded by divers grants of land in the neighbourhood of Toledo. Don Quixote, by Miqeul de Cervantes It is not proper to enter here into the particulars of what part of the colony of Virginia we settled in, for divers reasons; it may suffice to mention that we went into the great river Potomac, the ship being bound thither; and there we intended to have settled first, though afterwards we altered our minds. Moll Flanders, by Daniel Defoe We entered a large hall, and having twice or thrice rung a bell which nobody answered, walked without further ceremony through the rooms on the ground floor, as divers other gentlemen (mostly with their hats on, and their hands in their pockets) were doing very leisurely. American Notes, by Charles Dickens Gas looming through the fog in divers places in the streets, much as the sun may, from the spongey fields, be seen to loom by husbandman and ploughboy. Bleak House, by Charles DickensWe arrived at the place of rendezvous at the appointed time, and found the glass coaches and the little boys quite ready, and divers young ladies and young gentlemen looking anxiously over the breakfast-parlour blinds, who appeared by no means so much gratified by our approach as we might have expected, but evidently wished we had been somebody else. Sketches of Young Gentlemen, by Charles Dickens Soon divers members of the hunt appeared on the scene, and it was evident from their movements that the chase had been stultified by general puzzle-headedness as to the whereabouts of the intended victim. The Woodlanders, by Thomas Hardy M. Clausel de Montals differed on divers points from M. Clausel de Coussergues Les Miserables, by Victor Hugo I had to explore Crooked Lane and divers little alleys and elbows and dark passages with which this old city is perforated like an ancient cheese, or a worm-eaten chest of drawers. The Sketch-Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent., by Washington Irving Divers times we filled the flask that afternoon. All I had was twenty cents, but I put it up like a man, though with secret regret at the enormous store of candy it could have bought. John Barleycorn, by Jack London The discoloration was stubborn, persisting half a month, in which time happened divers events of importance. The Valley of the Moon, by Jack London Tummasook and the woman Ipsukuk rolled on the ground in pain, and with them there were divers others, also Moosu. The Faith of Men, by Jack London For divers reasons, the capitalist class lacks this cohesion or solidarity, chief among which is the optimism bred of past success. War of the Classes, by Jack London How King Arthur pulled out the sword divers times. Le Mort d'Arthur, vol. 1, by Thomas Malory So we departed, and divers of the said knights and squires went with us to see us safe on the way. The Well at the World's End, by William Morris. ┘and I remembered what old divers said about drowned people living just so long as they stayed below. Blix, by Frank Norris Divers of his own party now rallying and making up to him, the enemies soon retreated. Plutarch's Lives, ed. by A.H. Clough Philopoemen finding himself upon this account out of favor with his citizens, induced divers of the little neighboring places to renounce obedience to them Plutarch's Lives, ed. by A.H. Clough But Antigonus, fearing the multitude, for nobody was left in the camp, sent ten of his strongest elephants with divers of his Mede and Parthian lances to keep off the press. Plutarch's Lives, ed. by A.H. Clough

We owe to him the most diverse things and people. De Profundis, by Oscar Wilde I was not dealing with any simple question of principle, but with elusive and fluctuating estimates of the trend of diverse forces and of the nature of my own powers. The New Machiavelli, by H. G. Wells Large empires have many and diverse customs. Captain Stormfield's Visit to Heaven, by Mark Twain The most diverse suppositions as to what he was about to speak of to her flashed into her brain. Anna Karenina, by Leo Tolstoy but they went diverse ways, and prospered and failed in different businesses. Weir of Hermiston, by Robert Louis Stevenson It is extremely improving and interesting to hear two political young gentlemen, of diverse opinions, discuss some great question across a dinner-table Sketches by Boz, by Charles Dickens Judging by these trifling signs, and these diverse characters, Corentin came to the conclusion that his only real adversary was Mademoiselle de Cinq-Cygne. An Historical Mystery, by Honore de Balzac He rubbed his eyes to clear his sight, and a thousand diverse sentiments passed through his mind at the spectacle before him. Maitre Cornelius, by Honore de Balzac Well, human emotions--above all, those of avarice--take on so many and diverse shades in the diverse centres of social existence that there still remains upon the stage of our comedy another miser to be studied Sons of the Soil, by Honore de Balzac Timaeus conjectures that there were two of this name, and in diverse times, but that the one of them being much more famous than the other Plutarch's Lives, ed. by A.H. Clough Austria, where many diverse united nations present so many conflicting interests to be conciliated and carried forward under one crown, two statesmen alone bear the burden of public affairs and are not overwhelmed by it. Bureaucracy, by Honore de Balzac

В следующем выпуске: divergent or multifarious or varied

Modern English Grammar ___ back

Здесь happily слева является модальным словом, а справа √ наречием. Еще один пример. Naturally в конце предложения является наречием и означает ⌠естественно, свободно, легко■, а в начале предложения √ модальным словом со значением ⌠конечно, разумеется■. Перед прилагательным naturally является наречием и означает ⌠от природы, по природе■:

2.Имеются определенные различия в употреблении наречий степени very, much и наречного сочетания very much. Very употребляется со словами, обозначающими состояние или качество, а much и very much со словами, обозначающими действия. Поэтому very характерно перед прилагательными и адъективированными причастиями, а much и very much - перед причастиями, сохранившими глагольность. Перед so √ заменителями прилагательных √ употребляется не very, а very much:

Причастия II обычно адъективируются и поэтому употребляются с very (a very frightened animal, a very tired child, a very complicated problem). Если причастие II употреблено как часть сказуемого в пассиве, т.е. сохранило глагольность, ему в современной разговорной речи может, тем не менее, предшествовать very в тех случаях, когда причастие передает реакцию лица, обозначенного подлежащим, т.е. когда значение состояние оказывается важнее значения действия:

Употребление much вместо very придало бы этим высказываниям более архаичный и книжно-письменный оттенок. В остальных случаях перед причастием II употребляется much и very much, т.е. значение действия, процесса оказывается важнее значения состояния:

3. Very употребляется с адъективированными причастиями I ( very interesting, very exiting, very worrying). С неадъективированными причастиями I very не употребляется. Нельзя, например, сказать very screaming children. Вместо этого говорят continually screaming or loudly screaming child. Перед прилагательными предикативами на a- вместо very используются другие наречия степени:

PHRASES ___ back

of one▓s own accord √ добровольно. 1) Of their own accord those dear arms clasped themselves round me, of their own accord the sweet lips came to meet mine. 2) We abstained from waking him, and followed his steps until he returned of his own accord to his bed-chamber. 3) When Cato heard this, he ordered Marcus Rubrius to attend upon the three hundred, and quietly take the names of those who of their own accord set their slaves at liberty, but by no means to force anybody.

with one accord √ единодушно. 1) It was so fully understood by mother, sister, and priest, that they all with one accord turned their faces from each other, to hide their tears and keep the secret of their thoughts in their own breasts. 2) "Water is a bad thing for his clockworks, anyway," agreed Shaggy, as with one accord they all started for the fountain. 3) With one accord Nicholas and I looked at Charley.

of its own accord √ самотеком. When she was actually on the way downstairs, the blood began to circle through her body of its own accord too, for her mind felt very dull.

within an ace of √ чуть не, на волосок от. 1) Romeo came within an ace of marrying Juliet 2) In his emotion he dropped the tack-hammer within an ace of my head. 3) I was not afraid of her, but it occurred to me that I was within an ace of drifting into a downright quarrel with a lady and, besides, my guest.

to have much ado √ испытывать затруднения, иметь немало хлопот. 1) I protest, Rutland, that while he sat on his knees before me, mopping and mowing as if he had scalding porridge in his mouth, I had much ado to forbear cutting him over the pate, instead of striking his shoulder. 2) As he made toward the Alps, Cassius, who was praetor of that part of Gaul that lies about the Po, met him with ten thousand men, but being overcome in battle, he had much ado to escape himself, with the loss of a great many of his men. 3) He feels very grateful to them for the interest they have in him, and for the kind promises they make; but the power of speech is gone again, and he has much ado to keep his feet, even though leaning on his master's arm.

without more (further) ado √ без дальнейших церемоний, незамедлительно, не мешая. 1) and seeing plainly it was not to be found, without more ado he seized his beard with both hands and plucked away half of it, 2) Without more ado the Colonel broke the skim of ice 3) She went right up on to the dais, and came to where sat Christopher, and without more ado cast her arms about him and kissed him 4) With little ceremony Perry and I were chained at the end of the line, and without further ado the interrupted march was resumed. 5) "and now let us read the letter," and without further ado he broke the seal, and read aloud as follows:

the (one▓s) ace of trumps √ главный козырь, самый веский довод. 1) If she had the ace of trumps in her hand at whist, she wouldn't say anything, child.

wi0th much ado √ с большим трудом. 1) To follow them was useless; indeed, it was with much ado that the convoy got into port with the residue of the cargoes┘2) They took the side of Demosthenes, and with much ado forced Nicias to comply. 3) How with much ado we got a sight of the pope-hawk.

in accord with smth √ в соответствии с ч.л., согласно ч.л.*** out of accord with smth √ вразрез, в противоречии с чем либо *** to come to an accord; to reach an accord √ прийти к согласию *** to accord a favour √ оказать услугу *** to accord permission √ дать разрешение *** to be accorded permission √ получить разрешение *** much ado about nothing √ много шума из ничего.

REVIEW ___ back

Данный раздел посвящен, так скажем, повторению пройденного, ибо чем больше мы с каждым днем изучения English узнаем о нем, тем больше шансов у нас благополучно забыть самые прописные истины:

1. Когда будущие события не зависят от воли говорящего, особенно, если речь идет об особенностях природы или каких-либо общеизвестных закономерностях, употребляется простое будущее, а не различные эквивалентные ему обороты: Tomorrow will be Sunday. My father will be 75 in May. Next century will begin on 1^st of January, 2001.
2. Когда особое отношение говорящего к будущему никак не выражено:

LINKS___ back

В этом разделе представлены ссылки на ресурсы сети связанные с English. Все ссылки тщательно проверяются автором рассылки. Если у Вас есть ссылки на подобные ресурсы, то присылайте их. Поделитесь адресами, из которых Вы черпаете информацию об English √ пусть нас станет больше!

http://fluent-english.narod.ru Страничка и рассылка Fluent English для начинающих, продолжающих, закрепляющих, отъезжающих и даже развлекающихся. Рассылка для всех! Каждый выпуск - небольшой, но качественный вклад в вашу копилку английских знаний и умений.

AFTERWARDS ___ back

! 1) В Штатах всегда употребляется promptly когда это только можно. Предложение составлено правильно. А вот I told him right there означает в Вашем случае - Я ему сказал прямо там. Полицейские всегда говорят: Hold it right there! И это единственное значение данной идиомы в Штатах. Правильно было бы сказать √ I told him right away. 2) В Штатах всегда употребляется constantly когда это только возможно. Предложение составлено правильно. А вот предложение She's all the time complaining вообще неправильно скомпановано. Вспомните порядок слов в предложении: подлежащее, сказуемое, глагол┘ место, время и т.д. Правильно построенное предложение будет выглядеть так: She's complaining all the time. Sent in by Al Rudminskiy

! Маленькая поправочка к одной фразе из 11 выпуска: не "She's all the time complaining", a "She's complaining all the time". Несоблюдение порядка слов в предложении √ самая распространенная ошибкарусских, да и вообще славян, по ней нас здесь сразу узнают даже вернее, чем по акценту. :)Sent in by Perfiljeva Jelena.

& Я сдержано отношусь к здоровой критике и считаю, что она идет лишь на пользу автору рассылки. Но соглашаясь с тем, что Британский Английский и Американский - это разные вещи, тем не менее все таки хочется еще раз остановиться на порядке слов в предложении. В этом то, как раз, отличия незначительны. Я уже касался этого в 10 выпуске рассылки. Теперь хочу привести несколько примеров: ┘and all the time he will never take his eyes off her, stealing stealthy glances, unnoticed by those present, and she will do the same┘(DON QUIXOTE by Miguel de Cervantes, Translated by John Ormsby). She's too much interested in things - she ought to rest more. She's all the time sending messages to BB, and to soldiers and Injuns and whatnot, and to the animals. (A Horse's Tale, by Mark Twain). We couldn't keep from talking about them, and they was all the time coming up in our memory, and looking just the way they looked when we was all alive and happy together. (Tom Sawyer Abroad, by Mark Twain). Если мы можем не доверять тому, кто перевел Дон Кихота, не взирая, правда, на то, что этот его перевод разошелся миллионами, то можем ли мы сказать тоже самое о Марке Твене. Другое дело такой порядок слов встречается редко, но тем не менее √ встречается, а это совсем не значит, что ⌠предложение не правильно скомпановано■. А дабы не возникло искушение упоминать о возрасте источников, привожу фразу из рекламы журнала Aircraft Commerce issue 11 May/June/2000: No one goes further that CFM to protect the environment. Our DAC engines Nox emissions by 40%. And we▓re continually achieving reductions in CO2 and fuel consumption. Почему бы не поставить вместо continually, например, constantly или опять же all the time?

CORRECTIONS ___ back

#11, Review, point 2: (He wake up at 7,) He woke up at 7,

#11, Review, point 3: (Did you hear about that terrible accident on. the last week?) Did you hear about that terrible accident the last week?