Что такое идиома?
Если в незнакомом тексте Вы понимаете каждое слово, но не можете
понять смысла. Ваши затруднения, вероятно, вызваны идиоматическими
выражениями. Предположим, Вы прочитали или услышали следующий текст:
Sam is a real cool cat. He never blows his stack and
hardly ever flies off the handle. What's more, he knows how
to get away with things... Well, of course, he is getting
on, too. His hair is pepper and salt, but he knows how to
make up for lost time by taking it easy. He gets up early,
works out, and turns in early. He takes care of the hot dog
stand like a breeze until he gets time off. Sam's got it
made; this is it for him.
Очевидно, что этот стиль нельзя назвать строго литературным, но,
тем не менее, американцы в разговоре друг с другом часто употребляют
такие выражения. Если Вы иностранец и знаете слова cool (прохладно),
cat (кошка), blow (дуть), stack (кучи), fly (лететь), handle (ручка) и
т.д., Вы не поймете данный образец разговорного американского
английского языка, потому что те переводы слов, которые находятся в
обычных английских словарях, не дадут Вам точного значения приведенных
выше выражений. Из этого следует, что идиома - это новое, неожиданное
значение группы слов, каждое из которых обладает своим собственным
значением. Ниже Вы найдете перевод этого разговорного и
нелитературного текста на более формальный вариант американского
диалекта:
Sam is really a calm person. He never loses control of
himself and hardly ever becomes too angry. Furthermore, he
knows how to manage his business financially by using a few
tricks... Needless to say, he, too, is getting older. His
hair is beginning to turn gray, but he knows how to
compensate for wasted time by relaxing. He rises early,
exercises, and goes to bed early. He manages his frankfurter
stand without visible effort, until it is someone else's
turn to work there. Sam is successful; he has reached his
life's goal.
"Сэм очень тихий человек. Он никогда не теряет контроль
над собой и редко сердится. Кроме того, он знает, как вести
свое дело с финансовой точки зрения, употребляя некоторые
хитрости... Безусловно, он тоже стареет. Его волосы седеют,
но он умеет восстанавливать потраченные силы отдыхом. Он
рано встает, делает гимнастику и рано ложится. Со своей
работой в колбасном магазине он справляется без особого
труда, успевая все сделать до того, как его сменят. Сэм
вполне счастлив, - он достиг цели своей жизни".
[absent without leave (AWOL)] {adj.} Absent without permission;
used mostly in the military. * /Jack left Fort Sheridan without asking
his commanding officer, and was punished for going AWOL./
[absentia] See: IN ABSENTIA.
[Acapulco gold] {n., slang} Marijuana of an exceptionally high
quality. * /Jack doesn't just smoke pot, he smokes Acapulco gold./
[accord] See: OF ONE'S OWN ACCORD or OF ONE'S OWN FREE WILL.
[according as] {conj.} 1. Depending on which; whichever. * /You may
take an oral or written exam according as you prefer./ 1. Depending on
whether; if. * /We will play golf or stay home according as the
weather is good or bad./
[according to] {prep.} 1. So as to match or agree with; so as to be
alike in. * /Many words are pronounced according to the spelling but
some are not./ * /The boys were placed in three groups according to
height./ 2. On the word or authority of. * /According to the Bible,
Adam was the first man./
[according to one's own lights] {adv. phr.} In accordance with
one's conscience or inclinations. * /Citizens should vote according to
their own lights./
[account] See: CALL TO ACCOUNT, CHARGE ACCOUNT, LEAVE OUT OF
ACCOUNT, ON ACCOUNT, ON ACCOUNT OF, ON ONE'S ACCOUNT, ON ONE'S OWN
ACCOUNT, SAVINGS ACCOUNT, TAKE INTO ACCOUNT.
[ace] See: WITHIN AN ACE OF.
[ace in the hole] {n. phr.} 1. An ace given to a player face down
so that other players in a card game cannot see it. * /When the cowboy
bet all his money in the poker game he did not know that the gambler
had an ace in the hole and would win it from him./ 2. {informal}
Someone or something important that is kept as a surprise until the
right time so as to bring victory or success. * /The football team has
a new play that they are keeping as an ace in the hole for the big
game./ * /The lawyer's ace in the hole was a secret witness who saw
the accident./ Compare: CARD UP ONE'S SLEEVE.