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Содержание выруска:

1. Модальные глаголы
2. Устная тема о Великобритании
3. Диалоги на все случаи жизни
4. Анекдот
5. Кое-что интересное
6. Идиомы
7. Скороговорка
8. Пословица
9. Продолжаем читать

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Модальные глаголы

Сегодня мы рассмотрим все функции модальных глаголов must и have to

Глагол must выполняет функцию

1. предположения, основанного на уверенности
   He must be sleeping now - Он уже наверняка спит (потому что уже ночь)
2. запрещения
   You mustn't touch anything here - Здесь нельзя ничего трогать (такое можно увидеть в магазинах, в музеях и т.д)
3. настойчивого совета
   You must see this film! - Ты просто обязан посмотреть этот фильм! (наверное очень хороший)

Глагол have to выполняет функцию

1. должествования, основанного на внешних факторах
   You have to have a passport with you when you travel. - Ты должен взять с собой паспорт когда путешествуешь (потому что без него нельзя)
2. отсутствие необходимости
   I don't have to get up early tomorrow because it's my day off.

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Great Britain
The History of Britain
Two thousand years ago the Celts, who had been arriving from Europe, mixed with the people who were already in Britain Isles. The Romans
province of Britannia covered most of the territory of present-day England and Wales. The Romans imposed their own way of living, culture, and  
language. But inspite of their long occupation of  Britain, there isn't much they left behind. Even  most of temples, roads and cities were later de
stroyed. But such place-names like Chester, Lancaster, Gloucester remind us of the Romans.
The Romans influenced mainly the towns. In the country (where most people lived) Celtic speech dominated. The farming methods remained there unchanged. We can't speak about Roman's occupation as a large-scale settlement.
Later (during the 5th century) two tribes (the Angles and the Saxons) settled in Britain. They settled on a very vast territory. Only in the west of the country King Arthur and his army halted the tribes. But in the 6th century the way of life of these tribes predominated in England. The Celtic Britons' culture and language survived in South-West Scotland, Wales and Cornwall.
If the Romans had great influence on towns, the Anglo-Saxons influenced the countryside. There new methods of farming were introduced and a number of villages were founded.
The Anglo-Saxons were pagans, when they arrived in Britain. Christianity came from Rome in 597.
In the 8th century Britain was invaded by the Vikings, who came from Scandinavia. They settled in the North and West of Scotland and in some regions of Ireland. Later they were defeated by King Alfred.
Normans invaded Britain in the llth century (1066). But this invasion wasn't a large-scale one. Still this invasion influenced the life of Britain greatly.
At that time a feudal system was imposed. Lords and barons were French-speaking Normans. The peasants were the English-speaking Saxons.
Barons were responsible to the king, lords — to a baron. Under them were peasants. That was the beginning of the English class system. The Anglo-Norman kingdom was the most powerful political force at that time.
In this period the Germanic language (Middle English) dominated in England. As Northern and Central Wales was never settled by Saxons and Normans, the Welsh language and culture dominated there.
In the 13th century Parliament included elected representatives from urban and rural areas.
During the 16th century the power of the English monarch increased. The Tudor dynasty (1485—1603) established a system of government which strongly depended on the monarch. Parliament was split into two Houses. The House of Lords consisted of the aristocracy and the leaders of the Church. The House of Commons consisted of representatives from the towns.
During the 17th century Parliament established its supremacy over the monarchy in Britain. The conflict between the monarchy and Parliament led to the Civil Wars, which ended with the victory of Parliament. The leader of the parliamentary army was Oliver Cromwell. But after his death his system of government became unpopular. The son of the executed king was asked to take the throne.
In the 18th century the Scottish Parliament joined with the English and the Welsh Parliaments.
In that century the increased trade led to the Industrial Revolution. People from rural areas moved to towns. The population of London was close to a million at that time.
In the 19th century Britain controlled the biggest Empire in the world. The Empire was made up of Ireland, Canada, Australia, India and large parts of Africa. These countries had internal self-government, but recognized the authority of the British government. Britain was the greatest economic power. The British spread their culture and civilization around the world.
The beginning of the 20th century can't be called stable. Women struggled for their rights. The situation in Ulster wasn't stable. At the beginning of this century the working ckass became stronger. In Parliament, the Labour party replaced the Liberals. Trade unions organized themselves. Until 1980s the Trades Union Congress was the most powerful political force outside the institutions of government.

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Everyday's dialogues
At the Library

Viktor: I'dlike to get a library  card.
Librarian: Do you live in this   neighborhood?
V: Yes,I do.I live at 120 Maiden  Lane.   
L: May I see your driver's lisense?
V: Sorry, I don't have it with me. 
L: Do you have any other proof of  address?
V: Yes, I do. Here's a letter I  received from my bank a week  ago. On te envelore you can see my address.
L: That's okay. Here's an applica  tion card. Fill in the front application. Please sing your  full name.                      
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V: Could you help me?              
L: I'd be glad to. What is it?     
V: I can't find some of the books  that are listed in the catalogue. 
L: Did you write down the numbers of  the books you can't find?           
V: Yes, i did. Here they are.   
L: Was the letter "R" in the right  corner of the catalogue card?       
V: Yes, it was.                    
L: Evidently you are looking for reference books. "R" means Reference Room.
V: I need some dictionaries.         
L: You'll find them in the Reference Room. It's to the left of the main  entrance.
V: What about magazines and newspapers?
L: You've to look for them in the Reriodical Room. Ask there for a separate catalogue for periodicals.
V: Half a year ago, a book on Russian - literature was published in England. I checked your catalogue and couldn't  find it.                 
L: Do you know the name of the author  the title, and the publishing  house?
V: Yes, I do.                      
L: Then you can make out this postcard. Should a branch of our library  have the book you are interested   in, we'll order it for you  and let you know about it. That'll be twenty cents for the card,please.   

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V: I wonder if you could give me some  information.
L: I'd be happy to. What can I do for you?    
V: I want to find a recentl published  history of philosophy. Where should  I look for it?                      
L: These shelves to your right have our latest acquisitions in various  fields. In the philosophysection , you'll centainly find the book you are looking for. The books are in  alphabetical order according to  the author'slast name.            
V: Thank you.
V: How many books may I take out at one time? 
L: You can borrow three books at one time.
V: What about the magazines? 
L: Some of them are not to be lent. You've read them at the library.  Other magazines can be taken out, but not than two at one time.

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Anecdote
No way
A 55 year old man bought a new BMW, and while out driving around one day, began to feel the awesome power and speed
of the car. Before he realized it, he was doing 90 mph and lights begin to flash in his rear view mirror.
The man floored it, thinking the cop would never keep up. Soon he was doing 150 mph. Just then he realized that the
cop could easily call for back up and block the road ahead, so he decided to pull over.
As you can imagine, the cop was fuming. He told the man, "Look, it's Friday and I'm at the end of my shift. If you
can give me a good excuse that I've never heard before, I'll let you go."
The man thought for a moment and responded to the cop. "O.K. Look. A couple of weeks ago, my wife ran off with
a police officer, and when I saw the lights, I thought it was him trying to return her."

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It's interesting
What gender is a computer?

An English teacher was explaining to his students the concept of gender association in the English language. He noted how hurricanes
at one time were given only female names, and how ships and planes were usually referred to as "she." One of the students raised her hand
and asked, "What gender is a computer?"
The teacher wasn't certain. So he divided the class into two groups: males in one, females in the other, and asked them to decide if a computer
should be masculine or feminine. Both groups were asked to give four reasons for their recommendations.
The group of women concluded that computers should be referred to as masculine because:
1. In order to get their attention, you have to turn them on.
2. They have a lot of data but are still clueless.
3. They are supposed to help you solve your problems, but half the time, they ARE the problem.
4. As soon as you commit to one, you realize that, if you had waited a little longer, you could have had a better model. The men, on the other hand, decided that computers should definitely be referred to as feminine because:
1. No one but their creator understands their internal logic.
2. The native language they use to communicate with other computers is
incomprehensible to everyone else.
3. Even your smallest mistakes are stored in long-term memory for later retrieval.
4. As soon as you make a commitment to one, you find yourself spending half your paycheck on accessories for it.

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Idioms

salt away
- save money
-экономить деньги

He has been working there for seven years and has been able to salt away quite a lot of money.

sell like hotcakes
- sell quickly or rapidly
- что-то, что продается быстро

The new CD has only been released for about a week but already it is selling like hotcakes.

spill the beans
- tell a secret to someone who is not supposed to know about it
- рассказать секрет кому-либо кто не предполагал знать об этом

Please dont spill the beans about my plans to quit working and go back to school next year.

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Tongue Twister

Strict strong stringy Stephen Stretch
Slickly snared six sickly silky snakes.

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Proberb

Geese with geese, and women with women.
Гусь свинье не товарищ.

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The Green Mile

I shifted a little on the bunk, then decided I might feel a little more comfortable in my nether parts if I stood up, and so I did. He backed away from me respectfully, and clasped his hands in front of him. "Your time here can be easy or hard, big boy, it all depends on you. I'm here to say you might as well make it easy on all of us, because it comes to the same in the end. We'll treat you as right as you deserve. Do you have any questions?" "Do you leave a light on after bedtime?" he asked right away, as if he had only been waiting for the chance. I blinked at him. I had been asked a lot of strange questions by newcomers to E Block - once about the size of my wife's tits-but never that one. Coffey was smiling a trifle uneasily, as if he knew we would think him foolish but couldn't help himself. "Because I get a little scared in the dark sometimes," he said. "If it's a strange place." I looked at him - the pure size of him - and felt strangely touched. They did touch you, you know; you didn't see them at their worst, hammering out their horrors like demons at a forge. "Yes, it's pretty bright in here all night long," I said. "Half the lights along the Mile burn from nine until five every morning." Then I realized he wouldn't have any idea of what I was talking about - he didn't know the Green Mile from Mississippi mud - and so I pointed. "In the corridor." He nodded, relieved. I'm not sure he knew what a corridor was, either, but he  could see the 200-watt bulbs in their wire cages. I did something I'd never done to a prisoner before, then - I offered him my hand. Even now I don't know why. Him asking about the lights, maybe. It made Harry Terwilliger blink, I can tell you that. Coffey took my hand with surprising gentleness, my hand all but disappearing into his, and that was all of it. I had another moth in my killing bottle. We were done. I stepped out of the cell. Harry pulled the door shut on its track and ran both locks. Coffey stood where he was a moment or two longer, as if he didn't know what to do next, and then he sat down on his bunk, clasped his giant's hands between his knees, and lowered his head like a man who grieves or prays. He said something then in his strange, almost Southern voice. I heard it with perfect clarity, and although I didn't know much about what he'd done then - you don't need to know about what a man's done in order to feed him and groom him until it's time for him to pay off what he owes - it still gave me a chill. "I couldn't help-it, boss," he said. "I tried to take it back, but it was too late!'

bunk - койка backed away - отошел respectfully - почтительно clasp - сжимать deserve- заслуживать bedtime - отбой right away - здесь: сразу blink - здесь: уставиться trifle - чуть uneasily - тревожно foolish - глупый pure - здесь: весь touched - здесь: жалость worst - худшая сторона hammer out - выскакивать forge - кузница bright - блестящий, светлый mud - грязь relieve - облегчать bulb - лампочка wire - проволка cage - плафон prisoner - заключенный gentleness - мягкость moth - мотылек, бабочка killing bottle - морилка pulled - задвинул ran - закрыть giant - гигант lowered - опустил grieve - горевать clarity - ясность groom - ухаживать chill - дрожь, холод

to be continiued...

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Garry Potter

"Hagrid's bringing him." "You think it — wise — to trust Hagrid with something as important as this?" I would trust Hagrid with my life," said Dumbledore. "I'm not saying his heart isn't in the right place," said Professor McGonagall grudgingly, "but you can't pretend he's not careless. He does tend to — what was that?" A low rumbling sound had broken the silence around them. It grew steadily louder as they looked up and down the street for some sign of a headlight; it swelled to a roar as they both looked up at the sky — and a huge motorcycle fell out of the air and landed on the road in front of them. If the motorcycle was huge, it was nothing to the man sitting astride it. He was almost twice as tall as a normal man and at least five times as wide. He looked simply too big to be allowed, and so wild - long tangles of bushy black hair and beard hid most of his face, he had hands the size of trash can lids, and his feet in their leather boots were like baby dolphins. In his vast, muscular arms he was holding a bundle of blankets. "Hagrid," said Dumbledore, sounding relieved. "At last. And where did you get that motorcycle?" "Borrowed it, Professor Dumbledore, sit," said the giant, climbing carefully off the motorcycle as he spoke. "Young Sirius Black lent it to me. I've got him, sir." "No problems, were there?" "No, sir — house was almost destroyed, but I got him out all right before the Muggles started swarmin' around. He fell asleep as we was flyin' over Bristol." Dumbledore and Professor McGonagall bent forward over the bundle of blankets. Inside, just visible, was a baby boy, fast asleep. Under a tuft of jet-black hair over his forehead they could see a curiously shaped cut, like a bolt of lightning. "Is that where -?" whispered Professor McGonagall. "Yes," said Dumbledore. "He'll have that scar forever." "Couldn't you do something about it, Dumbledore?" "Even if I could, I wouldn't. Scars can come in handy. I have one myself above my left knee that is a perfect map of the London Underground. Well — give him here, Hagrid — we'd better get this over with." Dumbledore took Harry in his arms and turned toward the Dursleys' house. "Could I — could I say good-bye to him, sir?" asked Hagrid. He bent his great, shaggy head over Harry and gave him what must have been a very scratchy, whiskery kiss. Then, suddenly, Hagrid let out a howl like a wounded dog. "Shhh!" hissed Professor McGonagall, "you'll wake the Muggles!" "S-s-sorry," sobbed Hagrid, taking out a large, spotted handkerchief and burying his face in it. "But I c-c-can't stand it — Lily an' James dead — an' poor little Harry off ter live with Muggles -" "Yes, yes, it's all very sad, but get a grip on yourself, Hagrid, or we'll be found," Professor McGonagall whispered, patting Hagrid gingerly on the arm as Dumbledore stepped over the low garden wall and walked to the front door. He laid Harry gently on the doorstep, took a letter out of his cloak, tucked it inside Harry's blankets, and then came back to the other two. For a full minute the three of them stood and looked at the little bundle; Hagrid's shoulders shook, Professor McGonagall blinked furiously, and the twinkling light that usually shone from Dumbledore's eyes seemed to have gone out..

wise - мудро trust - доверять grudgingly - неохотно pretend - притворяться to tend to - иметь склонность rumbl - гул steadily - решительно, твердо headlight - фара swell - расти roar - рев fell out - выпал land - приземляться astride - верхом allow - признавать действительным tangle - путаница bushy - пушистый beard - борода hid - закрывала trash can - мусорный бак lid - крышка vast - громадный bundle - узел relieved - облегченно Borrow - занимать climbing off  - слезая lent - одолжил swarm - толочься bent forward over - склонились над fast - крепко tuft - пучок forehead - лоб curiously - странно shaped cut - вырезана по форме bolt of lightning - несущаяся молния scar - шрам handy - пригождаться shaggy - лохматый scratchy - импровизированно whiskery kiss - поцелуй усов let out a howl - испустил рев wounded - ранненный hiss - шипеть sob - всхлипывать spot - промокая handkerchief - носовой платок bury - зарывать get a grip on yourself - соберись pat - ласкать gingerly - опасливо gently - нежно tucked - вложенное furiously - неистово twinkl - мерцать shine - блеск

to be continiued...

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Ну вот и все! До  новых встреч и удачи вам!
Автор  рассылки Ирина.