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29.07.2006
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Английский для каждого


Английский для каждого

Выпуск:
215		 29 июля
2006 года


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    Содержание выпуска:
  1. Знакомства для общения на английском
  2. SOCRATES: Philosophy's Martyr
  3. Акция
  4. Новости сайта
Знакомства для общения на английском

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SOCRATES: Philosophy's Martyr

SOCRATES: Philosophy's Martyr

His life

According to accounts from antiquity, Socrates' father was Sophroniscus, a sculptor, and his mother Phaenarete, a midwife. He was married to Xanthippe, who bore him three sons. By the cultural standards of the time (and perhaps all time), she was considered a shrew. Socrates himself attested that he, having learned to live with Xanthippe, would be able to cope with any other human being, just as a horse trainer accustomed to wilder horses might be more competent than one not. Socrates enjoyed going to symposia, drink-talking sessions. He was a legendary drinker, remaining sober even after everyone else in the party had become senselessly drunk; this helped him obtain his reputation as a formidable conversationalist. He also saw military action -we know from Plato's Symposium that Socrates was decorated for bravery. In one instance he stayed with his wounded lover Alcibiades, and probably saved his life; despite the objections of Alcibiades, Socrates refused any sort of official recognition and instead encouraged the decoration of Alcibiades. During such campaigns, he also showed his extraordinary hardiness, walking without shoes and a coat in winter.

It is unclear what exactly Socrates did for a living. He did not work; in Xenophon's Symposium he explicitly states that he devotes himself only to discussing philosophy, and that he thinks this is the most important art or occupation. It is unlikely that he was able to live off of family inheritance, given his father's occupation as an artisan. In the accounts of Plato, Socrates explicitly denies accepting money for teaching; however, Xenophon's Symposium clearly has Socrates state that he is paid by his students, and Aristophanes depicts Socrates as running a school of sophistry with his friend Chaerephon. It is also possible that Socrates survived off of the generosity of his wealthy and powerful friends, such as Alcibiades.

Socrates lived during the time of the transition from the height of the Athenian Empire to its decline after its defeat by Sparta and its allies in the Peloponnesian War. At a time when Athens was seeking to recover from humiliating defeat, the Athenian public court was induced by three leading public figures to try Socrates for impiety and for corrupting the youth of Athens. According to Dr Will Beldam he was the first person to question everything and everyone. Add to this that Socrates was perceived as also questioning the gods, and it is easy to see why the leaders of the time took offense. Socrates was found guilty as charged, and sentenced to death by hemlock.

It is interesting to note that Socrates had every opportunity to escape, as his followers could have easily bribed the prison guards. After escaping, Socrates could have fled Athens and have remained in peace in another city. However, as the dialogue Crito makes clear, Socrates considered it hypocrisy to escape the prison: he had knowingly agreed to live under the city's laws, and this meant the possibility of being judged guilty of crimes by a large jury.

Socrates is probably the most influential thinker and philosopher of his time. Although no written accounts of his real life have been located, he is idolized by his disciples and thinkers that reflect on his accomplishments through their writing.

Philosophy

Socrates's contributions to philosophy were a new method of approaching knowledge, a conception of the soul as the seat both of normal waking consciousness and of moral character, and a sense of the universe as purposively mind-ordered. His method, called dialectic, consisted in examining statements by pursuing their implications, on the assumption that if a statement were true it could not lead to false consequences. The method may have been suggested by Zeno of Elea, but Socrates refined it and applied it to ethical problems.

His doctrine of the soul led him to the belief that all virtues converge into one, which is the good, or knowledge of one's true self and purposes through the course of a lifetime. Knowledge in turn depends on the nature or essence of things as they really are, for the underlying forms of things are more real than their experienced exemplifications. This conception leads to a teleological view of the world that all the forms participate in and lead to the highest form, the form of the good. Plato later elaborated this doctrine as central to his own philosophy. Socrates's view is often described as holding virtue and knowledge to be identical, so that no man knowingly does wrong. Since virtue is identical with knowledge, it can be taught, but not as a professional specialty as the Sophists had pretended to teach it. However, Socrates himself gave no final answer to how virtue can be learned.

Perhaps the most interesting facet of this is Socrates' reliance on what the Greeks called his "daemon", a voice who spoke to Socrates only and always when Socrates is about to make a mistake. It was this daemon that prevented Socrates from entering into politics. The daemon is often taken to be what we would call "intuition"; however, the Greek word was clearly used to signify a spirit or entity akin to what we would call a guardian angel, and Socrates certainly seemed to attribute personality and voice to his daemon.

Attributed

    "
  • An education obtained with money is worse than no education at all. "
  • As to marriage or celibacy, let a man take the course he will. He will be sure to repent. "
  • Beauty is a short-lived tyranny. "
  • By all means marry; if you get a good wife, you'll be happy. If you get a bad one, you'll become a philosopher. "
  • Call no man unhappy until he is married. "
  • The children now love luxury; they have bad manners, contempt for authority; they show disrespect for elders and love chatter in place of exercise. Children are now tyrants, not the servants of their households. They no longer rise when elders enter the room. They contradict their parents, chatter before company, gobble up dainties at the table, cross their legs, and tyrannize their teachers. "
  • Death may be the greatest of all human blessings. "
  • Do not do to others what angers you if done to you by others. "
  • Envy is the ulcer of the soul. "
  • Fame is the perfume of heroic deeds. "
  • He is richest who is content with the least, for content is the wealth of nature. "
  • He who is not contented with what he has, would not be contented with what he would like to have. "
  • I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think. "
  • I was afraid that by observing objects with my eyes and trying to comprehend them with each of my other senses I might blind my soul altogether. "
  • Once made equal to man, woman becomes his superior. "
  • I was really too honest a man to be a politician and live. "
  • If all misfortunes were laid in one common heap whence everyone must take an equal portion, most people would be contented to take their own and depart. "
  • May the outward and inward man be at one. "
  • I pray Thee, O God, that I may be beautiful within. "
  • Get not your friends by bare compliments, but by giving them sensible signs of your love. "
  • If a man is proud of his wealth, he should not be praised until it is known how he employs it. "
  • One who is injured ought not to return the injury, for on no account can it be right to do an injustice; and it is not right to return an injury, or to do evil to any man, however much we have suffered from it.
Акция
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