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FreeBSD: полезные заметки

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FreeBSD: полезные заметки. Обновление FreeBSD


Всем доброго времени суток!

В этой "шпаргалке" мы рассмотрим вопросы обновления FreeBSD, а именно обновление портов, бинарное обновление, обновление мира.

I. Обновление портов

1. Скачиваем снимок основного дерева портов.

[root@pcbsd-5458] /# portsnap fetch
Looking up portsnap.FreeBSD.org mirrors... 5 mirrors found.
Fetching public key from portsnap1.FreeBSD.org... done.
Fetching snapshot tag from portsnap1.FreeBSD.org... done.
Fetching snapshot metadata... done.
Fetching snapshot generated at Fri Jan 28 03:05:26 MSK 2011:
90d89d07e58139c0aff3edcd3726390907e70efeef44cc100% of 64 MB 159 kBps 00m00s
Extracting snapshot... done.
Verifying snapshot integrity... done.
Fetching snapshot tag from portsnap1.FreeBSD.org... done.
Fetching snapshot metadata... done.
Updating from Fri Jan 28 03:05:26 MSK 2011 to Fri Jan 28 14:48:36 MSK 2011.
Fetching 3 metadata patches.. done.
Applying metadata patches... done.
Fetching 0 metadata files... done.
Fetching 13 patches.....10. done.
Applying patches... done.
Fetching 0 new ports or files... done.

2. Распаковываем дерево.
[root@pcbsd-5458] /# portsnap extract

Через несколько минут дерево портов будет распаковано, и мы увидим фразу:
Building new INDEX files... done.

3. Обновляем порты. Если уже всё обновлено, появится фраза:
[root@pcbsd-5458] /# portsnap update
Ports tree is already up to date.

Или в случае успешного обновления:
Building new INDEX files... done.

4. В случае порчи файла базы данных, выполняем:
[root@pcbsd-5458] /# rm -rf /var/db/portsnap
[root@pcbsd-5458] /# mkdir /var/db/portsnap
[root@pcbsd-5458] /# portsnap fetch extract

5. Для периодических еженедельных обновлений редактируем файл /etc/crontab:
0 0 * * 0 root portsnap -I cron update

Помните, что выполнять portsnap update всё равно придётся вручную!
[root@pcbsd-5458] /# portsnap update

II. Бинарное обновление

# freebsd-update upgrade -r 9.0-RELEASE

# freebsd-update install

# shutdown -r now

# freebsd-update install

# shutdown -r now

III. Обновление "мира"

Рассмотрим операцию на примере FreeBSD 8.1 (в более поздних выпусках, скорее всего, будет требоваться лишь бинарное обновление из-за неизменности ядра). Традиционно для этих целей мы будем использовать SVN.

1. Для начала делаем резервную копию всего того, что нам может понадобиться для восстановления:

[root@pcbsd-5458] /# cd /usr
[root@pcbsd-5458] /usr# mkdir tmp
[root@pcbsd-5458] /usr# cp -R /usr/src /usr/tmp/src
[root@pcbsd-5458] /usr# cp -R /etc /usr/tmp/etc

Особенно приглянитесь к каталогу /etc. После выполнения всех операций может оказаться, что пользователи и пароли к ним отсутствуют, KDE не запускается... и прочие мелочи.

2. Устанавливаем порт /usr/ports/devel/subversion-freebsd:
[root@pcbsd-5458] /# cd /usr/ports/devel/subversion-freebsd
[root@pcbsd-5458] /# make install clean

При установке отмечаем пункты NEON и BDB.

3. Получаем исходники.
[root@pcbsd-5458] /# rm -rf /usr/src
[root@pcbsd-5458] /# rm -rf /var/db/sup/src-all
[root@pcbsd-5458] /# svn co svn://svn.freebsd.org/base/stable/8/ /usr/src

В конце увидим:
U /usr/src
Checked out revision 218015.

4. Собираем "мир":
[root@pcbsd-5458] /# cd /usr/src/
[root@pcbsd-5458] /# rm -rf /usr/obj
[root@pcbsd-5458] /# make -j4 buildworld

Через пару часов должны увидеть строчку:
--------------------------------------------------------------
>>> World build completed on Fri Jan 28 19:22:21 MSK 2011
--------------------------------------------------------------

5. Делаем копию конфигурационного файла ядра (MM) и редактируем его:
[root@pcbsd-5458] /# cp /usr/src/sys/i386/conf/GENERIC /usr/src/sys/i386/conf/MM
[root@pcbsd-5458] /# ee /usr/src/sys/i386/conf/MM

6. В самом конфигурационном файле выбираем опции, нам необходимые.
#
# GENERIC -- Generic kernel configuration file for FreeBSD/i386
#
# For more information on this file, please read the config(5) manual page,
# and/or the handbook section on Kernel Configuration Files:
#
# http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/kernelconfig-config.html
#
# The handbook is also available locally in /usr/share/doc/handbook
# if you've installed the doc distribution, otherwise always see the
# FreeBSD World Wide Web server (http://www.FreeBSD.org/) for the
# latest information.
#
# An exhaustive list of options and more detailed explanations of the
# device lines is also present in the ../../conf/NOTES and NOTES files.
# If you are in doubt as to the purpose or necessity of a line, check first
# in NOTES.
#
# $FreeBSD$

cpu I486_CPU
cpu I586_CPU
cpu I686_CPU
ident GENERIC

# To statically compile in device wiring instead of /boot/device.hints
#hints "GENERIC.hints" # Default places to look for devices.

# Use the following to compile in values accessible to the kernel
# through getenv() (or kenv(1) in userland). The format of the file
# is 'variable=value', see kenv(1)
#
# env "GENERIC.env"

makeoptions DEBUG=-g # Build kernel with gdb(1) debug symbols

options SCHED_ULE # ULE scheduler
options PREEMPTION # Enable kernel thread preemption
options INET # InterNETworking
options INET6 # IPv6 communications protocols
options SCTP # Stream Control Transmission Protocol
options FFS # Berkeley Fast Filesystem
options SOFTUPDATES # Enable FFS soft updates support
options UFS_ACL # Support for access control lists
options UFS_DIRHASH # Improve performance on big directories
options UFS_GJOURNAL # Enable gjournal-based UFS journaling
options MD_ROOT # MD is a potential root device
options NFSCLIENT # Network Filesystem Client
options NFSSERVER # Network Filesystem Server
options NFSLOCKD # Network Lock Manager
options NFS_ROOT # NFS usable as /, requires NFSCLIENT
options MSDOSFS # MSDOS Filesystem
options CD9660 # ISO 9660 Filesystem
options PROCFS # Process filesystem (requires PSEUDOFS)
options PSEUDOFS # Pseudo-filesystem framework
options GEOM_PART_GPT # GUID Partition Tables.
options GEOM_LABEL # Provides labelization
options COMPAT_43TTY # BSD 4.3 TTY compat (sgtty)
options COMPAT_FREEBSD4 # Compatible with FreeBSD4
options COMPAT_FREEBSD5 # Compatible with FreeBSD5
options COMPAT_FREEBSD6 # Compatible with FreeBSD6
options COMPAT_FREEBSD7 # Compatible with FreeBSD7
options SCSI_DELAY=5000 # Delay (in ms) before probing SCSI
options KTRACE # ktrace(1) support
options STACK # stack(9) support
options SYSVSHM # SYSV-style shared memory
options SYSVMSG # SYSV-style message queues
options SYSVSEM # SYSV-style semaphores
options P1003_1B_SEMAPHORES # POSIX-style semaphores
options _KPOSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING # POSIX P1003_1B real-time extensions
options PRINTF_BUFR_SIZE=128 # Prevent printf output being interspersed.
options KBD_INSTALL_CDEV # install a CDEV entry in /dev
options HWPMC_HOOKS # Necessary kernel hooks for hwpmc(4)
options AUDIT # Security event auditing
options MAC # TrustedBSD MAC Framework
options FLOWTABLE # per-cpu routing cache
#options KDTRACE_HOOKS # Kernel DTrace hooks
options INCLUDE_CONFIG_FILE # Include this file in kernel

options KDB # Kernel debugger related code
options KDB_TRACE # Print a stack trace for a panic

# To make an SMP kernel, the next two lines are needed
options SMP # Symmetric MultiProcessor Kernel
device apic # I/O APIC

# CPU frequency control
device cpufreq

# Bus support.
device acpi
device eisa
device pci

# Floppy drives
device fdc

# ATA and ATAPI devices
device ata
device atadisk # ATA disk drives
device ataraid # ATA RAID drives
device atapicd # ATAPI CDROM drives
device atapifd # ATAPI floppy drives
device atapist # ATAPI tape drives
options ATA_STATIC_ID # Static device numbering

# SCSI Controllers
device ahb # EISA AHA1742 family
device ahc # AHA2940 and onboard AIC7xxx devices
options AHC_REG_PRETTY_PRINT # Print register bitfields in debug
# output. Adds ~128k to driver.
device ahd # AHA39320/29320 and onboard AIC79xx devices
options AHD_REG_PRETTY_PRINT # Print register bitfields in debug
# output. Adds ~215k to driver.
device amd # AMD 53C974 (Tekram DC-390(T))
device hptiop # Highpoint RocketRaid 3xxx series
device isp # Qlogic family
#device ispfw # Firmware for QLogic HBAs- normally a module
device mpt # LSI-Logic MPT-Fusion
#device ncr # NCR/Symbios Logic
device sym # NCR/Symbios Logic (newer chipsets + those of `ncr')
device trm # Tekram DC395U/UW/F DC315U adapters

device adv # Advansys SCSI adapters
device adw # Advansys wide SCSI adapters
device aha # Adaptec 154x SCSI adapters
device aic # Adaptec 15[012]x SCSI adapters, AIC-6[23]60.
device bt # Buslogic/Mylex MultiMaster SCSI adapters

device ncv # NCR 53C500
device nsp # Workbit Ninja SCSI-3
device stg # TMC 18C30/18C50

# SCSI peripherals
device scbus # SCSI bus (required for SCSI)
device ch # SCSI media changers
device da # Direct Access (disks)
device sa # Sequential Access (tape etc)
device cd # CD
device pass # Passthrough device (direct SCSI access)
device ses # SCSI Environmental Services (and SAF-TE)

# RAID controllers interfaced to the SCSI subsystem
device amr # AMI MegaRAID
device arcmsr # Areca SATA II RAID
device asr # DPT SmartRAID V, VI and Adaptec SCSI RAID
device ciss # Compaq Smart RAID 5*
device dpt # DPT Smartcache III, IV - See NOTES for options
device hptmv # Highpoint RocketRAID 182x
device hptrr # Highpoint RocketRAID 17xx, 22xx, 23xx, 25xx
device iir # Intel Integrated RAID
device ips # IBM (Adaptec) ServeRAID
device mly # Mylex AcceleRAID/eXtremeRAID
device twa # 3ware 9000 series PATA/SATA RAID

# RAID controllers
device aac # Adaptec FSA RAID
device aacp # SCSI passthrough for aac (requires CAM)
device ida # Compaq Smart RAID
device mfi # LSI MegaRAID SAS
device mlx # Mylex DAC960 family
device pst # Promise Supertrak SX6000
device twe # 3ware ATA RAID

# atkbdc0 controls both the keyboard and the PS/2 mouse
device atkbdc # AT keyboard controller
device atkbd # AT keyboard
device psm # PS/2 mouse

device kbdmux # keyboard multiplexer

device vga # VGA video card driver

device splash # Splash screen and screen saver support

# syscons is the default console driver, resembling an SCO console
device sc

device agp # support several AGP chipsets

# Power management support (see NOTES for more options)
#device apm
# Add suspend/resume support for the i8254.
device pmtimer

# PCCARD (PCMCIA) support
# PCMCIA and cardbus bridge support
device cbb # cardbus (yenta) bridge
device pccard # PC Card (16-bit) bus
device cardbus # CardBus (32-bit) bus

# Serial (COM) ports
device uart # Generic UART driver

# Parallel port
device ppc
device ppbus # Parallel port bus (required)
device lpt # Printer
device plip # TCP/IP over parallel
device ppi # Parallel port interface device
#device vpo # Requires scbus and da

# If you've got a "dumb" serial or parallel PCI card that is
# supported by the puc(4) glue driver, uncomment the following
# line to enable it (connects to sio, uart and/or ppc drivers):
#device puc

# PCI Ethernet NICs.
device de # DEC/Intel DC21x4x (``Tulip'')
device em # Intel PRO/1000 Gigabit Ethernet Family
device igb # Intel PRO/1000 PCIE Server Gigabit Family
device ixgb # Intel PRO/10GbE Ethernet Card
device le # AMD Am7900 LANCE and Am79C9xx PCnet
device ti # Alteon Networks Tigon I/II gigabit Ethernet
device txp # 3Com 3cR990 (``Typhoon'')
device vx # 3Com 3c590, 3c595 (``Vortex'')

# PCI Ethernet NICs that use the common MII bus controller code.
# NOTE: Be sure to keep the 'device miibus' line in order to use these NICs!
device miibus # MII bus support
device ae # Attansic/Atheros L2 FastEthernet
device age # Attansic/Atheros L1 Gigabit Ethernet
device alc # Atheros AR8131/AR8132 Ethernet
device ale # Atheros AR8121/AR8113/AR8114 Ethernet
device bce # Broadcom BCM5706/BCM5708 Gigabit Ethernet
device bfe # Broadcom BCM440x 10/100 Ethernet
device bge # Broadcom BCM570xx Gigabit Ethernet
device dc # DEC/Intel 21143 and various workalikes
device et # Agere ET1310 10/100/Gigabit Ethernet
device fxp # Intel EtherExpress PRO/100B (82557, 82558)
device jme # JMicron JMC250 Gigabit/JMC260 Fast Ethernet
device lge # Level 1 LXT1001 gigabit Ethernet
device msk # Marvell/SysKonnect Yukon II Gigabit Ethernet
device nfe # nVidia nForce MCP on-board Ethernet
device nge # NatSemi DP83820 gigabit Ethernet
#device nve # nVidia nForce MCP on-board Ethernet Networking
device pcn # AMD Am79C97x PCI 10/100 (precedence over 'le')
device re # RealTek 8139C+/8169/8169S/8110S
device rl # RealTek 8129/8139
device sf # Adaptec AIC-6915 (``Starfire'')
device sge # Silicon Integrated Systems SiS190/191
device sis # Silicon Integrated Systems SiS 900/SiS 7016
device sk # SysKonnect SK-984x & SK-982x gigabit Ethernet
device ste # Sundance ST201 (D-Link DFE-550TX)
device stge # Sundance/Tamarack TC9021 gigabit Ethernet
device tl # Texas Instruments ThunderLAN
device tx # SMC EtherPower II (83c170 ``EPIC'')
device vge # VIA VT612x gigabit Ethernet
device vr # VIA Rhine, Rhine II
device wb # Winbond W89C840F
device xl # 3Com 3c90x (``Boomerang'', ``Cyclone'')

# ISA Ethernet NICs. pccard NICs included.
device cs # Crystal Semiconductor CS89x0 NIC
# 'device ed' requires 'device miibus'
device ed # NE[12]000, SMC Ultra, 3c503, DS8390 cards
device ex # Intel EtherExpress Pro/10 and Pro/10+
device ep # Etherlink III based cards
device fe # Fujitsu MB8696x based cards
device ie # EtherExpress 8/16, 3C507, StarLAN 10 etc.
device sn # SMC's 9000 series of Ethernet chips
device xe # Xircom pccard Ethernet

# Wireless NIC cards
device wlan # 802.11 support
options IEEE80211_DEBUG # enable debug msgs
options IEEE80211_AMPDU_AGE # age frames in AMPDU reorder q's
options IEEE80211_SUPPORT_MESH # enable 802.11s draft support
device wlan_wep # 802.11 WEP support
device wlan_ccmp # 802.11 CCMP support
device wlan_tkip # 802.11 TKIP support
device wlan_amrr # AMRR transmit rate control algorithm
device an # Aironet 4500/4800 802.11 wireless NICs.
device ath # Atheros pci/cardbus NIC's
device ath_hal # pci/cardbus chip support
options AH_SUPPORT_AR5416 # enable AR5416 tx/rx descriptors
device ath_rate_sample # SampleRate tx rate control for ath
device ral # Ralink Technology RT2500 wireless NICs.
device wi # WaveLAN/Intersil/Symbol 802.11 wireless NICs.
#device wl # Older non 802.11 Wavelan wireless NIC.

# Pseudo devices.
device loop # Network loopback
device random # Entropy device
device ether # Ethernet support
device vlan # 802.1Q VLAN support
device tun # Packet tunnel.
device pty # BSD-style compatibility pseudo ttys
device md # Memory "disks"
device gif # IPv6 and IPv4 tunneling
device faith # IPv6-to-IPv4 relaying (translation)
device firmware # firmware assist module

# The `bpf' device enables the Berkeley Packet Filter.
# Be aware of the administrative consequences of enabling this!
# Note that 'bpf' is required for DHCP.
device bpf # Berkeley packet filter

# USB support
options USB_DEBUG # enable debug msgs
device uhci # UHCI PCI->USB interface
device ohci # OHCI PCI->USB interface
device ehci # EHCI PCI->USB interface (USB 2.0)
device usb # USB Bus (required)
#device udbp # USB Double Bulk Pipe devices
device uhid # "Human Interface Devices"
device ukbd # Keyboard
device ulpt # Printer
device umass # Disks/Mass storage - Requires scbus and da
device ums # Mouse
device urio # Diamond Rio 500 MP3 player
# USB Serial devices
device u3g # USB-based 3G modems (Option, Huawei, Sierra)
device uark # Technologies ARK3116 based serial adapters
device ubsa # Belkin F5U103 and compatible serial adapters
device uftdi # For FTDI usb serial adapters
device uipaq # Some WinCE based devices
device uplcom # Prolific PL-2303 serial adapters
device uslcom # SI Labs CP2101/CP2102 serial adapters
device uvisor # Visor and Palm devices
device uvscom # USB serial support for DDI pocket's PHS
# USB Ethernet, requires miibus
device aue # ADMtek USB Ethernet
device axe # ASIX Electronics USB Ethernet
device cdce # Generic USB over Ethernet
device cue # CATC USB Ethernet
device kue # Kawasaki LSI USB Ethernet
device rue # RealTek RTL8150 USB Ethernet
device udav # Davicom DM9601E USB
# USB Wireless
device rum # Ralink Technology RT2501USB wireless NICs
device uath # Atheros AR5523 wireless NICs
device ural # Ralink Technology RT2500USB wireless NICs
device zyd # ZyDAS zb1211/zb1211b wireless NICs

# FireWire support
device firewire # FireWire bus code
#device sbp # SCSI over FireWire (Requires scbus and da)
device fwe # Ethernet over FireWire (non-standard!)
device fwip # IP over FireWire (RFC 2734,3146)
device dcons # Dumb console driver
device dcons_crom # Configuration ROM for dcons


7. Устанавливаем ядро:
[root@pcbsd-5458] /# make -j4 buildkernel KERNCONF=MM
[root@pcbsd-5458] /# make installkernel KERNCONF=MM

8. Внимание! Если всё прошло успешно, дальнейшие действия лучше записать на листке бумаги!
Перегружаемся в однопользовательском режиме (Boot PC-BSD in Single User mode), при загрузке в меню жмём клавишу 2 (для FreeBSD - 4).


9. Монтируем разделы файловой системы, устанавливаем мир, удаляем временные файлы, сравниваем конфигурацию, перезагружаемся:
# mount -u /
# mount -a
# mergemaster -p
# cd /usr/src
# make installworld
# make delete-old
# mergemaster -iU
# shutdown -r now

Немного внимания. При вводе команды mergemaster появятся следующие варианты.
d - удалить предлагаемый вариант и оставить старый;
i - установить предлагаемый вариант, удалив старый;
m - сравнить построчно старый и предлагаемый вариант;
v - посмотреть отличия в файлах снова.

Будьте внимательны! Читайте предложенные конфиги! Иначе чего-то недосчитаетесь при перезагрузке!

При построчном сравнении файлов:
l - использовать вариант с левой стороны;
r - использовать вариант с правой стороны;

10. После перезагрузки.
[root@pcbsd-5458] /# cd /usr/src/
[root@pcbsd-5458] /# make delete-old-libs

И самое приятное:
[root@pcbsd-5458] /# uname -a
FreeBSD pcbsd-5458 8.2-PRERELEASE FreeBSD 8.2-PRERELEASE #0 r218015:
Fri Jan 28 19:58:15 MSK 2011 root@pcbsd-5458:/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/MM i386

Для полного наслаждения системой просматриваем /usr/ports/UPDATING, после чего делаем:
[root@pcbsd-5458] /# portmaster -Da

Если всё же система не загружается, не расстраивайтесь, глядя в холодный чёрный экран. Большинство данных всё равно сохранены. Теперь вспомните, какое имя пользователя присутствовало в системе. Установите пароль для root, а затем заведите пользователя:
# passwd root
# adduser mm

Отредактируйте файл /etc/ttys, а точнее, строчку с ttyv8:
ttyv8 "/usr/local/kde4/bin/kdm -nodaemon" xterm on secure

Перезапустите систему. Уже лучше?

Также, может при загрузке KDE появиться строчка следующего содержания:
Warning: Cannot open ConsoleKit session:
Unable to open session: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket No such file or directory
Что делать в этом случае? Некоторые рекомендуют добавить в /etc/passwd соответствующих пользователей:
avahi:*:558:558:Avahi Daemon User:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin
polkit:*:559:559:PolicyKit Daemon User:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin
haldaemon:*:560:560:HAL Daemon User:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin

Но похоже, придётся переустановить dbus:
# cd /usr/ports/devel/dbus
# make
# make deinstall
# make reinstall

Проблема должна успешно разрешиться.

Далее, вполне возможно, будет потеряна русская локаль (например, на рабочем столе в ярлыках с русскими буквами появятся неудобоваримые символы). Меняем локаль для пользователя mm (разумеется, от root):
# pw usermod -n mm -L russian


В избранное